Abstract.— Following exposure to the anesthetic AQUI‐S™, plasma cortisol concentration in immature rainbow trout was measured as (mean) 293 ± 48 ng/ mL, which was significantly (P > 0.05) higher than the mean concentration in resting fish. Cortisol concentrations remained significantly (P > 0.05) elevated for at least 24 h after treatment. This was accompanied by a significant increase and decrease in hematocrit and plasma potassium, respectively. These perturbations continued for at least 48 h following recovery from anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of total protein and sodium remained unchanged following anesthesia with AQUI‐S™. Crowding stress is commonly encountered by fish during manipulation in aquaculture situations. Anesthetising fish prior to, and during, manipulation may reduce the associated stress. Changes in cortisol values resulting from crowding (30 min; 0.1 kg/L) during anesthesia with AQUI‐S™ were not appreciably different from those in fish crowded without anesthesia. Thus, anesthesia with AQUI‐S™ at the recommended dose of 17 mg/L did not appear to be effective for alleviating the stress of crowding under the conditions of our experiments.

Instances of morbidity amongst rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) arriving at factories in Western Australia (WA) have been attributed to stress during post-harvest handling. This study used discriminant analysis to determine whether physiological correlates of stress following a period of simulated post-harvest handling had any validity as predictors of future rejection or morbidity of western rock lobsters. Groups of 230 western rock lobsters were stored for 6 h in five environments (submerged/flowing sea water, submerged/ recirculating sea water, humid air, flowing seawater spray, and recirculated seawater spray). The experiment was conducted in late spring (ambient sea water 22°C), and repeated again in early autumn (ambient sea water 26°C). After 6 h treatment, each lobster was graded for acceptability for live export, numbered, and its haemolymph was sampled. The samples were analysed for a number of physiological and health status parameters. The lobsters were then stored for a week in tanks in the live lobster factory to record mortality. The mortality of lobsters in the factory was associated with earlier deviations in haemolymph parameters as they emerged from the storage treatments. Discriminant analysis (DA) of the haemolymph assays enabled the fate of 80-90% of the lobsters to be correctly categorised within each experiment. However, functions derived from one experiment were less accurate at predicting mortality when applied to the other experiments. One of the reasons for this was the higher mortality and the more severe patho-physiological changes observed in lobsters stored in humid air or sprays at the higher temperature. The analysis identified lactate accumulation during emersion and associated physiological and haemocyte-related effects as a major correlate of mortality. Reducing these deviations, for example by submerged transport, is expected to ensure high levels of survival. None of the indicators tested predicted mortality with total accuracy. The simplest and most accurate means of comparing emersed treatments was to count the mortality afterwards.

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A red deer herd of 150 mixed-age hinds, 48 stags and 102 weaners was identified as severely copper deficient during an observational study of 15 deer farms in the lower North Island of New Zealand during 1992 and 1993. Severe lameness was observed in nine weaners in 1992 (8.8% prevalence) and 15 in 1993 (12% prevalence). Typical abnormalities included swollen hocks and carpal joints and outward rotation of hind legs with hocks touching. At postmortem examination, there were epiphyseal fractures of the femoral head, severe degenerative arthropathy of the coxo-femoral joints and erosions of cartilage in many other limb joints. Osteochondrosis was confirmed histologically. Concurrently, three adult hinds and one adult stag developed into-ordination typical of enzootic ataxia which was confirmed histologically. Blood and liver copper concentrations in untreated affected weaner deer ranged from undetectable to 16.0 micromol/l (mean 7.6 micromol/l) and 25 to 53 micromol/kg (mean 39 micromol/kg), respectively. Mean blood copper concentrations in unaffected weaners in March 1992 and 1993 were 5.3 micromol/l and 4.4 micromol/l, respectively. The mean blood copper concentration in seven hinds in September 1992, prior to onset of clinical signs of enzootic ataxia, was 1.5 micromol/l (range 1.0-2.4 micromol/l). At other times of the year, mean blood copper concentrations ranged up to 12.5 micromol/l in adults and 8.9 micromol/l in weaners before treatment began in 1993. Pasture analyses showed copper contents of 6-11 ppm in 11 samples collected during 1992 and 1993. Sulphur ranged from 0.18 to 0.37%, molybdenum from 0.51 to 3.56 ppm and iron from 130 to 2886 ppm. These measurements supported a diagnosis of secondary copper deficiency. Supplementation with oral oxidised copper wire particles was undertaken from December 1992, resulting in an improvement in blood copper concentrations in some classes of deer. No further clinical abnormalities have been observed.

No abstract