This article explores the experiences of women anti-mining activists in rural communities in Andean IntroductionWomen play an important but relatively unrecognised role in opposing large-scale mining developments in rural Andean communities. Conflicts occur at many levels, from intra-community conflict between those in favour of and those opposed to the mine, and also within families, as well as between communities and local-, regional-, and national-level state organisations, and, of course, with the mining companies themselves. In this article, we seek to use the concept of resilience to better understand the position of women activists and the challenges they face, arguing that ideas around 'resilience' enable us to frame women anti-mining activists as empowered actors. Focusing on women activists is not to suggest that men are not also important actors in these conflicts, but specifically to contribute to 'a growing literature concerned with the gendered particularities of resilience in diverse social contexts ' (Lenette et al. 2012, 641).We begin by outlining the background to this article, before going on to explore the concept of resilience, and apply this to the experiences of the women activists with whom we work. In particular, we recognise women's resilience in a context of ongoing struggle and adversity, and think through how this resilience might be further strengthened over time. We emphasise the ways in which resilience and vulnerabilities may co-exist, rather than seeing these as dichotomous (Norris et al. 2008).

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