Small vessel cerebrovascular disease, visualized as white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted MRI, contributes to the clinical presentation of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the extent to which cerebrovascular disease represents an independent pathognomonic feature of Alzheimer's disease or directly promotes Alzheimer’s pathology is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between white matter hyperintensities and plasma levels of tau and to determine if white matter hyperintensities and tau levels interact to predict Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. To confirm that cerebrovascular disease promotes tau pathology, we examined tau fluid biomarker concentrations and pathology in a mouse model of ischemic injury. Three hundred ninety-one participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; 74.5 ± 7.1 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Participants had measurements of plasma total-tau, CSF beta amyloid, and white matter hyperintensities, and were diagnosed clinically as Alzheimer’s disease (n = 97), mild cognitive impairment (n = 186), or cognitively normal control (n = 108). We tested the relationship between plasma tau concentration and white matter hyperintensity volume across diagnostic groups. We also examined the extent to which white matter hyperintensity volume, plasma tau, amyloid positivity status, and the interaction between white matter hyperintensities and plasma tau correctly classifies diagnostic category. Increased white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with higher plasma tau concentration, particularly among those diagnosed clinically with Alzheimer’s disease. Presence of brain amyloid and the interaction between plasma tau and white matter hyperintensity volume distinguished Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment participants from controls with 77.6% and 63.3% accuracy, respectively. In 63 ADNI participants who came to autopsy (82.33 ± 7.18 age at death) we found that higher degrees of arteriosclerosis were associated with higher Braak staging, indicating a positive relationship between cerebrovascular disease and neurofibrillary pathology. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) mouse model, aged mice that received tMCAo, but not sham surgery, had increased plasma and CSF tau concentrations, induced myelin loss, and hyperphosphorylated tau pathology in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cerebral hemisphere. These findings demonstrate a relationship between cerebrovascular disease, operationalized as white matter hyperintensities, and tau levels, indexed in the plasma, suggesting that hypoperfusive injury promotes tau pathology. This potential causal association is supported by the demonstration that transient cerebral artery occlusion induces white matter damage, increases biofluidic markers of tau, and promotes cerebral tau hyperphosphorylation in older adult mice.

The aim of this paper was to determine the frequency of Canalis Sinuosus (CS) and its anatomic variations. A total of 236 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were studied. Characteristics of the canal such as its form, pathway and diameter were analyzed. The CS was clearly visualized in 100 % of the images with variations in the canal observed in up to 46 % of the cases. In 79 % of the cases the variation was found to be bilateral. The most common variation was an increase in the diameter (> 1mm) of the CS. Considering that the anterior region of the middle third of the face is a common place for clinical interventions, this study supports the need to perform a thorough evaluation of the maxillary region prior to clinical interventions in order to prevent complications such as direct or indirect injury to the anterior superior alveolar neurovascular bundle contained within the CS.

Introduction: the PICO mnemonic is an evidence-based medicine tool that helps formulate the research questions needed to conduct the right search for scientific information. To properly classify this information, controlled languages or thesauruses are used for information retrieval. The aim was to identify whether the PICO search strategy in evidence-based medicine using the MeSH, Emtree and DeCS thesauruses answers a research question in the field of dentistry. Methods: to carry out the PICO strategy, a research question was formulated, identifying the natural language terms for each component of the PICO acronym, which were normalized into the three thesauruses to create the search equations. Results: 43 results were foundon Medline through PubMed, 5 on Embase, and 0 on LILACS. There were 4 original articles that answer the research question, proving to be an effective strategy for finding clinical evidence. Conclusion: this study shows that the strategy helps obtain results to answer the question posed. It should be noted that, in order to successfully search and retrieve information, researchers should use the PICO strategy and get familiar with the thesauruses that help structure search equations in the various bibliographic databases.

Introduction: The styloid process is a cone-shaped process of the temporal bone with a normal length of 20 to 30 mm. It is considered "elongated" when its length is greater than 30mm. A temporal styloid process with a length of 25mm or more may cause Eagle's syndrome, a condition characterized by multiple clinical symptoms that can be explained by the anatomical relationships of the styloid process. The length of the styloid process depends on demographic variables such as race and geographical distribution; therefore normal patterns may vary among different populations. Due to its non-specific clinical manifestations, it would be relevant to know its prevalence in a specific population. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of styloid process elongation in a sample of the Colombian population. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, observational descriptive study. The length of 46 styloid processes from their origin to their vertex was determined in 46 hemifacial dissections. The corresponding right or left side of the head of the styloid process was also recorded. Results: The obtained average length of styloid processes was 35.1 ± 13.2 mm. 23 styloid processes (50%) measured over 30 mm, and 38 processes (82.6%) measured 25 mm or more. Conclusion: Since previous reports have shown that the onset of symptoms is variable and sometimes independent of the length of the styloid process, we suggest that the angulation of the styloid process is a clinical consideration as important as the length of the styloid process.