Background In Burundi, given the low testing numbers among key populations (KPs), peer-assisted HIV self-testing (HIVST) was initiated for female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender people to provide another testing option. HIVST was provided by existing peer outreach workers who were trained to provide support before, during, and after the administration of the test. People who screened reactive were referred and actively linked to confirmatory testing, and those confirmed positive were linked to treatment. Standard testing included HIV testing by clinical staff either at mobile clinics in the community or in facilities. Objective This study aims to improve access to HIV testing for underserved KPs, improve diagnoses of HIV serostatus among key populations, and link those who were confirmed HIV positive to life-saving treatment for epidemic control. Methods A descriptive analysis was conducted using routine programmatic data that were collected during a 9-month implementation period (June 2018 to March 2019) for peer-assisted HIVST among FSWs, MSM, and transgender people in 6 provinces where the US Agency for International Development–and US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief–funded LINKAGES (Linkage across the Continuum of HIV Services for KP Affected by HIV) Burundi project was being implemented. Chi-square tests were used to compare case-finding rates among individuals who were tested through HIVST versus standard testing. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess factors that were independently associated with HIV seropositivity among FSWs and MSM who used HIVST kits. Results A total of 2198 HIVST kits were administered (FSWs: 1791/2198, 81.48%; MSM: 363/2198, 16.52%; transgender people: 44/2198, 2%). HIV seropositivity rates from HIVST were significantly higher than those from standard testing for FSWs and MEM and nonsignificantly higher than those from standard testing for transgender people (FSWs: 257/1791, 14.35% vs 890/9609, 9.26%; P<.001; MSM: 47/363, 12.95% vs 90/2431, 3.7%; P<.001; transgender people: 10/44, 23% vs 6/36, 17%; P=.50). Antiretroviral therapy initiation rates were significantly lower among MSM who were confirmed to be HIV positive through HIVST compared to those among MSM who were confirmed to be HIV positive through standard testing (40/47, 85% vs 89/90, 99%; P<.001). No significant differences in antiretroviral therapy initiation rates were found between the FSW and transgender groups. Multivariable analyses among FSWs who used HIVST kits showed that being aged ≥25 years (adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.6) and having >8 clients per week (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.8) were independently associated with HIV seropositivity. Conclusions The results demonstrate the potential effectiveness of HIVST in newly diagnosing underserved KPs and linking them to treatment.

BACKGROUND In Burundi, given the low testing numbers among key populations, peer assisted HIV self-testing (HIVST) was initiated for female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender people (TG) to provide another testing option. HIVST was provided by existing peer outreach workers (POWs) who were trained to provide support before, during, and after the administration of the test. People who screened reactive were referred and actively linked to confirmatory testing, and those confirmed positive were linked to treatment. Standard testing included HIV testing by clinical staff either at mobile clinics or in facilities. OBJECTIVE The objective was to improve access to HIV testing to underserved KP members, increase HIV positivity rates, and link those who were confirmed HIV positive with life-saving treatment for epidemic control. METHODS A descriptive analysis of routine programmatic data was conducted from a nine-month implementation period (June 2018-March 2019) of peer assisted HIVST among FSWs, MSM, and TG in six provinces where the USAID- and PEPFAR-funded LINKAGES Burundi project worked. Chi-squared tests were used to compare case-finding rates among individuals tested through HIVST versus standard testing. RESULTS A total of 2,198 HIVST test kits were administered (1,791 FSWs, 363 MSM, 44 TG). Three hundred and sixty-six people (17%) were reactive to HIV screening (296 FSWs, 60 MSM, 10 TG); 314 (14%) were confirmed HIV positive (257 FSWs, 47 MSM, 10 TG); and 301 (96%) (251 FSWs, 40 MSM, 10 TG) of those confirmed were initiated on treatment. HIV case-finding rates were significantly higher with HIVST compared to standard testing for FSW and MSM but not TG: FSWs (14% vs. 9%, P < .001); MSM (13% vs. 4%, P < .001); and TG (23% vs. 17%, P > .10). ART initiation rates were significantly lower for MSM confirmed HIV positive through HIVST than through standard testing (85% vs. 99%, P < .001) but not among FSWs or TG (FSWs: 98% vs. 97%, P > .10; TG: 100% vs. 100%). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the potential effectiveness of HIVST in identifying individuals who are living with HIV.