An important component of cancer control programs for the growing burden in sub-Saharan Africa is a population's awareness of risk factors. Studies thereof have focused on single rather than multiple cancers and carcinogens. During March and April 2015, we undertook a survey to assess awareness of multiple cancer risk factors and symptoms in the Kilimanjaro Region, North Tanzania. General population (n = 620) and attendees at HIV care-and-treatment clinics (CTCs) were included (n = 207). Participants' mean age was 43.8 (interquartile range 30-52) years; 58% were female. Awareness of cancer risk was highest for tobacco (90%) and alcoholic spirits (67%), but tended to be lower for infections (41% for HIV (42.2% and 41.4% for CTC and community group, respectively) and 16% for HPV (16.0% and 16.6% for CTC and community group, respectively)), while that of moldy maize and peanuts was 35% for both. Awareness of specific cancer signs and symptoms ranged between 70% and 90%. Awareness of alcohol and tobacco was higher in men than women (odds ratio = 1.82 (1.38, 2.40) and 3.96 (2.14, 7.31), respectively). In relation to cancer treatment, 70% preferred modern medicine and 10% preferred traditional medicine alone. Sixty percent was not aware of any local cancer early detection services. Only 20% had ever been examined for cancer, and of those screened, CTC group was 1.5 times more likely to screen than community participants. Awareness did not differ by age or HIV status. There are good levels of cancer risk factor awareness for certain lifestyle-related carcinogens in Tanzania; however, increased awareness is needed especially for infections and cancer warning symptom both in the general and HIVpositive population, as well as some myths to be dispelled.

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Background: Caesarean section is one of the most performed surgeries across the whole globe. However, just like any major surgery, CS is associated with complications like haemorrhage, surgical site infection, Venous thromboembolism and anaesthesia related complications. These associated morbidity and mortality have been there despite improvements in blood transfusion services, the use of prophylactic antibiotics, anaesthesia and surgical techniques. This study aims to determine the rate of caesarean section complications, characterize their timing and identify risk factors to maternal complications among women delivered at KCMC hospital.Method: A cross-sectional analytical study of 386 women who delivered by CS at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center(KCMC) hospital from October 2018 to May 2019 was done. Data were obtained from the delivery register, patients, clinical and anaesthesia notes using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Social-demographic characteristic, past medical, obstetric, surgical and family social history were sought from every study participant. Prevalence of complication was computed as a proportion of women with one or more complications out of all the women delivered during the study period. STATA version 13 was used for multivariable analysis to determine independent risk factors for the most prevalent complications. Odds ratio and 95% CI has been used to make an association. Whereby P-value <0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 386 deliveries,106(27.5%) had one or more complications. The most common immediate complications were anaesthesia related, blood transfusion , postpartum hemorrhage(PPH), hysterectomy and ICU admission. While most common early complications (24 -72 hours of the operation) were puerperal sepsis, anaesthesia related complications, blood transfusion and ICU admission. Longer duration of surgery was significantly associated with all the complications (aOR 2.90, 95% CI 1.02-8.50), Grand multiparity was significantly associated with blood transfusion (aOR 7.0, 95% CI 1.40-34.35) and PPH (aOR 6.4, 95%CI 1.5-24.24) while pre-operative anaemia was significantly associated with blood transfusion (aOR 4.34,95% CI 1.90-9.45).Conclusion: Longer duration of surgery, grand multiparity and pre-operative anaemia are associated with complications. Hence, the medical team should be alert of the possible morbidity and mortality that can occur and get prepared beforehand.