A study was carried out to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in postlarvae and broodstock of Penaeus monodon and in potential crustacean carriers from India. Primer pairs designed for WSSV affecting Penaeus japonicus (WSSV PJ) and P. monodon (WSSV PM) were used. Both the primer pairs gave positive assay results for crustaceans showing gross signs of WSSV infection. However, all grossly healthy postlarvae and broodstock gave negative results with both the WSSV PJ and WSSV PM primer pairs by non-nested PCR. Some of the grossly normal specimens were positive for WSSV by nested PCR using WSSV PM primers. So also was water from shrimp culture ponds experiencing WSSV outbreaks. In addition, 1 sample of Artemia nauplii was positive for WSSV PM by nested PCR Among crab samples exam.ined, a few samples of Scylla serrata and Sesarrna oceanica from around the pond area and marine crabs such as Matuta planipes and Charybdis lucifera from trawl catches were positive for WSSV, indicating that wild marine crabs could be reservoirs of WSSV infection. The results indicated that WSSV carriers are common in natural shrimp stocks and other crustaceans in India.

In this study population in south India the deletion rate was 73% and were more frequent in the distal end exon. With the availability of genetic analysis, the first investigation of choice in DMD should be genetic studies and muscle biopsy should be considered only if the genetic tests are negative or not available.

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Background: Genetic correlates of diseases of complex inheritance may include variations in several genes lying within a network of linked biological processes. Synaptic mechanisms, such as serotonin neurotransmission and second (third) messengers (e.g., glycogen synthase kinase [GSK]), have been implicated in susceptibility to mood disorders, the actions of therapeutic drugs and manipulation of circadian rhythms. A better understanding of such gene networks may be useful to understand the biology and treatment of mood disorders. Methods: We studied the association between serotonergic and GSK-mediated signaling networks with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). We analyzed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HTR2A gene, a promoter SNP in SLC6A4 and a promoter SNP in the GSK3B gene in BPAD individuals and matched controls. A multifactor dimensionality reduction tool was employed to study gene–gene interactions and analyze multilocus genotype combination associations with high- or low-risk of BPAD. Results: Multifactor dimensionality reduction detected the best interacting model involving 5-HTTLPR (SLC6A4) and rs334558 (GSK3B). Conclusion: Our results suggest interplay between the serotonergic pathway and the second-messenger system involving GSK, which are important drug targets.