representava os níveis altamente abstrato ou concreto, respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram uma distribuição bi-modal sugerindo que as palavras podem ser classificadas nas categorias concreta ou abstrata. A confiabilidade média das normas foi r=0,97. Não foram detectadas influências do sexo, idade, freqüência de ocorrência das palavras em materiais escritos ou tamanho da categoria nos julgamentos de concretude. Os resultados sugerem que a concretude pode ser considerada como um atributo independente das palavras.Palavras-chave: concretude; normas para palavras; imagem mental. Concreteness Norms for 909 Portuguese WordsABSTRACT -Concreteness norms were collected for 909 words using a seven point judgment scale, where each extremity highly represented the abstract or concrete levels, respectively. Results showed a bi-modal distribution suggesting that words may be classified either as concrete or abstract. The average reliability of the norms was r=0.97. Concreteness judgments were not influenced by sex, age, word written frequency or category size. The results indicate that concreteness may be considered as an independent word attribute.
RESUMO -Normas de valência e alerta para 908 palavras foram coletadas utilizando-se a escala de julgamento SAM (SelfAssessment Manikin). Participaram do estudo 4.359 estudantes universitários oriundos de quatro universidades. Os resultados identificaram palavras em todos os quadrantes do espaço afetivo sugerindo que estas podem ser classificadas nas dimensões emocionais alerta (desde palavras relaxantes até mais alertadoras) e valência (desde palavras desagradáveis até agradáveis). A confiabilidade média das normas de valência (r = 0,97) e alerta (r = 0,94) foram altas e significativas. Os resultados de alerta ou valência não estiveram associados ao sexo, idade e frequência de ocorrência das palavras em materiais escritos, sugerindo que estes fatores podem ser considerados ortogonais.Palavras-chave: alerta, valência, normas para palavras, SAM Norms of Arousal and Valence for 908 Portuguese WordsABSTRACT -Norms of arousal and valence for 908 Portuguese words were collected using SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin). In this study 4359 undergraduates from four universities participated. Words from each of the affective space quadrant were identified suggesting that they can be categorized along the arousal (from relaxing to more arousing words) and valence (from unpleasant to pleasant words) emotional dimensions. The reliability of the norms for valence (r = 0,97) and arousal (r = 0,94) was high and significant. Results showed that arousal and valence were not associated with sex, age or printed word frequency indicating that the factors can be considered orthogonal. A pesquisa sobre a emoção se estende para os mais diversos campos do conhecimento humano incluindo a biologia, sociologia, neurociência, etologia, economia e, tradicionalmente, a psicologia. O reconhecimento dos estados emocionais como variável independente tem iluminado questões sobre a relação entre cérebro e comportamento, desenvolvimento da personalidade, relações e interações sociais, cultura, evolução, tomada de decisão, psicopatologia e saúde (Coan & Allen, 2007). KeywordsEstudos experimentais têm evidenciado que estados emocionais ou afetivos podem influenciar os processos cognitivos, e que o fator afetivo deve ser contemplado na compreensão da cognição e memória (Ellis & Hunt, 1993) apesar de, até o momento, não se ter estabelecida uma integração satisfatória entre cognição e emoção (Newell, Rosenbloom, & Laird, 1990).No campo da psicologia, muitos pesquisadores têm examinado a influência das experiências emocionais na cognição humana através de dois fatores ortogonais: o alerta e a valência. Essas dimensões variam do relaxamento à excitação e do afeto negativo ao positivo, respectivamente. A valência constitui uma dimensão fundamental da emoção na medida em que possibilita aos indivíduos polarizarem os componentes apetitivos e aversivos, os agradáveis e desagradáveis, os positivos e negativos das experiências humanas. Ela evoca um recorte do conjunto das emoções, enquanto valor hedônico, ao se distanciar da "neutralidade emocional" (Kensinger, 2004...
-Association norms for 1004 Brazilian Portuguese words are presented. The free association paradigm was applied collecting the first word associated with the cue, thus avoiding response chaining and response inhibition. At least 100 participants produced the first associate of each word cue. Eight hundred seventy one undergraduates enrolled in 44 majors in public and private universities participated in the research. The norms report Forward Association Strength of all word cues and Backward Association Strength is included in several words. The number of associates per cue varied from 2 to 26. Stronger cue-to-target associations corresponded to the first six associative positions. Issues related to the validity and generality of norms are discussed.
The aim of this study was to develop a short version of the Metamemory in Adulthood Questionnaire (MIA) in Brazilian Portuguese. The original MIA is an instrument in english composed by 108 items, divided into seven dimensions of metamemory (Strategy, Task, Capacity, Change, Anxiety, Achievement and Locus). Despite of being widely used, the extension of the instrument makes its application impractical in many contexts, reinforcing the need for a short version. A total of 472 participants answered the original full version of the MIA. First, Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses revealed that nine items of the instrument could be excluded due to poor infit and outfit values. After exploratory factor analyses, the 99 items left were judged by five experts that chose the most appropriate items following previously established criteria (factor loading, repetitiveness, bad writing, and temporal/cultural inadequacy). A 39-items version (MIAr) was obtained, with the same factorial structure of the original MIA. The MIAr demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency indexes, as well as evidences of convergent validity and validity based on the response process. The results revealed that the MIAr achieved good psychometric properties, serving as a more parsimonious and practical option for metamemory assessment.
This research was conducted to investigate the influence of music therapy on the behavior of rats at different stages of development. The procedures were performed when animals were approximately 1 month of age, and repeated once they completed 2, 3, and 4 months. Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos was played at a sound intensity of 65 dB for 4 hours per day, 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the afternoon (12 hours, for 4 days) when the animals reached each age. In the Open Field test, the locomotion in rats with 4 months old was significantly less than in other ages. Female rats 1, 2, and 3 months old, which were exposed to music, increased the percentage of open arms time in the Elevated Plus Maze test while male rats 1 month old reduced this parameter. The statistical differences were observed in the Forced Swimming test only when both genders were 1 month old. In the Inhibitory Avoidance test, an improvement in age-dependent memory was observed. The music therapy based on Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos positively interfered with the behavior of rats at different developmental stages. This result corroborates the clinical practice of palliative care, in which music therapy is generally used to improve patients' quality of life with anxiety and depression.
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