In the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), adverse myocardial remodeling (AMR) has been universally regarded as an early-onset phenomenon generally arising within the first few weeks (usually within days in the infarct zone) following myocardial injury. On the other hand, onset of cardiac morphological changes in this setting may potentially extend far beyond this time frame (usually beyond several months after the index AMI), suggesting a prolonged latent period in certain cases. In clinical practice, this delayed form of post-AMI remodeling, namely late AMR, has emerged as an interesting and underrecognized phenomenon with poorly understood mechanisms. Notably, systemic inflammation and associated growth factors seem to play a pivotal role in this setting. Accordingly, the present article primarily aims to discuss potential mechanisms and clinical implications of late AMR (in a comparative manner with its classical early counterpart) among AMI survivors along with a particular emphasis on potential benefits of certain anti-inflammatory strategies in this setting.

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Dear Editor, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) has been universally regarded as a unique form of reversible myocardial dysfunction associated with a variety of emotional and physical stressors. In their recently published elegant article, Dell’Aquila et al. have reported an interesting case of TTC triggered by an exacerbation of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). However, we would like to comment on this interesting case and its particular implications...

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