Social Housing (SH) in Mexico has a potentially important role in reducing both the emission of greenhouse gases and the use of non-renewable resources, two of the main challenges facing not only Mexico but the planet as a whole. This work assesses the environmental impact generated by the embodied stages of a typical SH throughout its life cycle (cradle to grave), by means of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Two types of envelope and interior walls and three types of windows are compared. It was found that SH emits 309 kg CO2 eq/m2 and consumes 3911 MJ eq/m2 in the product stages (A1 to A3) and construction process (A4 to A5); the most important stages are those referring to the products, namely, A1 to A3, B4 (replacement) and B2 (maintenance). Additionally, benefits were found in the use of lightweight and thermal materials, such as concrete blocks lightened with pumice or windows made of PVC or wood. Although the use of LCA is incipient in the housing and construction sector in Mexico, this work shows how its application is not only feasible but recommended as it may become a basic tool in the search for sustainability.
En el análisis y diseño de las estructuras hay muchas incertidumbres inherentes. Variable como la carga externa o la capacidad y resistencia de los elementos estructurales, y de la estructura misma, deben ser consideradas como variables aleatorias con incertidumbre. Esto es, en el momento del diseño de la estructura no se sabe con precisión los valores como la velocidad máxima del viento, la aceleración del terreno o el esfuerzo de fluencia del acero. Cuando, por ejemplo, se analiza y diseña un puente es necesario definir la carga viva de diseño, pero ¿de qué depende la magnitud de dicha carga en un momento dado?, ¿cuál es el valor preciso que se considerará?, etcétera. No es posible contestar de manera precisa estas preguntas. De esta forma, cuando se diseña un sistema estructural no es posible lograr la condición de probabilidad de falla nula, no hay control completo de todas las variables. Por lo tanto, se debe diseñar al sistema para que dicha probabilidad de falla sea finita y controlada para predecir adecuadamente su comportamiento. Así, las estructuras se deben diseñar para un determinado nivel de seguridad que, obviamente, conlleva un determinado riesgo. Por ejemplo, en las NTC (Normas Técnicas Complementarias) del RCDF (Reglamento de Construcciones del Distrito Federal, RCDF 2004) se definen los estados límite de servicio y seguridad a través de restricciones en los desplazamientos de entrepiso, resistencias mínimas, etcétera. Muchos de estos valores fueron definidos considerando las diferentes incertidumbres, formando criterios de diseño basados en confiabilidad. La estimación de la influencia de las incertidumbres presentes en el diseño de una estructura proporciona información adicional sobre la seguridad de ésta. De esta forma, si al analizar un edificio se determina el desplazamiento máximo que tendrá ante una determinada carga, cuando se obtiene su confiabilidad se puede indicar cuál es la probabilidad que este desplazamiento supere cierto límite. La estimación de la confiabilidad estructural complementa la información que tenemos sobre el comportamiento del sistema, por lo que ayuda a tomar mejores decisiones sobre sus procesos de análisis y diseño.
Bridges are considered as vital components that require a high degree of protection to guarantee their functionality, even after significant earthquakes. So, the damage evaluation of current conditions of these structures is considered a necessary tool for inspection, maintenance and rehabilitation. Seismic fragility curves of a common highway bridge structure, with simple-supported girders, for different seismic scenarios, are evaluated in this paper. The selected bridge is a RC system with rectangular piers, forming a frame substructure; the bridge piers reinforcement is designed using steel jackets. Damage fragility curves are again evaluated for the reinforced system and compared with the initial condition; for that, a non-linear analyses with Ruaumoko program are accomplished, using a Takeda constitutive model and the damage index proposed by Parket al. As an external seismic action, artificial accelerograms are obtained based on signals registered in the most hazardous earthquake zone of Mexico. The probability changes of a certain damage level are verified for the obtained results.
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