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PurposeHigh-dose chemotherapy using methotrexate (MTX) frequently induces side effects such as mucositis that leads to intestinal damage and diarrhea. Several natural compounds have been demonstrated of their effectiveness in protecting intestinal epithelial cells from these adverse effects. In this paper, we investigated the protection mechanism of lutein against MTX-induced damage in IEC-6 cells originating from the rat jejunum crypt.MethodsThe cell viability, induced-apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential in IEC-6 cells under MTX treatment were examined in the presence or absence of lutein. Expression level of Bcl2, Bad and ROS scavenging enzymes (including SOD, catalase and Prdx1) were detected by quantitative RT-PCR.ResultsThe cell viability of IEC-6 cells exposed to MTX was decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MTX induces mitochondrial membrane potential loss, ROS generation and caspase 3 activation in IEC-6 cells. The cytotoxicity of MTX was reduced in IEC-6 cells by the 24 h pre-treatment of lutein. We found that pre-treatment of lutein significantly reduces MTX-induced ROS and apoptosis. The expression of SOD was up-regulated by the pre-treatment of lutein in the MTX-treated IEC-6 cells. These results indicated that lutein can protect IEC-6 cells from the chemo-drugs induced damage through increasing ROS scavenging ability.ConclusionThe MTX-induced apoptosis of IEC-6 cells was shown to be repressed by the pre-treatment of lutein, which may represent a promising adjunct to conventional chemotherapy for preventing intestinal damages.

The addition of heteroaryllithium to various ketones followed by dehydration gave 1-(2-heteroaryl)cycloalkenes and (2-hetero- aryl)alkenes. When alkenes were treated with 10 mol% NIS, calix[4]thiophenes and calix[4]furans were obtained in good yields.

Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 200 K; mean (C-C) = 0.004 Å; Hatom completeness 97%; disorder in solvent or counterion; R factor = 0.040; wR factor = 0.103; data-to-parameter ratio = 12.7.The title compound, [Co 2 (C 9 H 4 N 2 O 4 ) 2 (H 2 O) 8 ]Á5H 2 O, contains two Co II ions that are bridged by two 1H-benzimidazole-5,6dicarboxylate ligands to form an M 2 L 2 type complex (M = metal and L = ligand). There are two crystallographically distinct M 2 L 2 units, each on an inversion centre, along with coordinated and uncoordinated water molecules, in the asymmetric unit. The Co II ions are octahedral. Extensive hydrogen bonding exists between the complex and water molecules, and this helps to stabilize the crystal structure. One water molecule is disordered over two sites with occupancies 0.84:0.16. Related literatureMetal-organic coordination polymers using 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid as a bridging ligand were reported by Guo et al. (2006) and Liu et al. (2005). ExperimentalCrystal data [Co 2 (C 9 H 4 N 2 O 4 ) 2 (H 2 O) 8 ]Á5H 2 O M r = 760.35 Monoclinic, P2 1 =c a = 13.4210 (2) Å b = 9.1096 (2) Å c = 23.8185 (4) Å = 99.5191 (6) V = 2871.95 (9) Å 3 Z = 4 Mo K radiation = 1.25 mm À1 T = 200 (2) K 0.30 Â 0.18 Â 0.08 mm Data collection Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2003) T min = 0.776, T max = 0.905 22168 measured reflections 5249 independent reflections 4216 reflections with I > 2(I) R int = 0.032