Although the evolution of the selfing syndrome often involves reductions in floral size, pollen and nectar, few studies of selfing syndrome divergence have examined nectar. We investigate whether nectar traits have evolved independently of other floral size traits in the selfing syndrome, whether nectar traits diverged due to drift or selection, and the extent to which quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses predict genetic correlations.We use F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a cross between Ipomoea cordatotriloba and Ipomoea lacunosa. We calculate genetic correlations to identify evolutionary modules, test whether trait divergence was due to selection, identify QTLs and perform correlation analyses to evaluate how well QTL properties reflect genetic correlations.Nectar and floral size traits form separate evolutionary modules. Selection has acted to reduce nectar traits in the selfing I. lacunosa. Genetic correlations predicted from QTL properties are consistent with observed genetic correlations.Changes in floral traits associated with the selfing syndrome reflect independent evolution of at least two evolutionary modules: nectar and floral size traits. We also demonstrate directional selection on nectar traits, which is likely to be independent of selection on floral size traits. Our study also supports the expected mechanistic link between QTL properties and genetic correlations.

Premise of the studyHighly selfing plant species frequently display a distinctive suite of traits termed the “selfing syndrome.” This study tests the hypothesis that these traits are grouped into correlated evolutionary modules and determines the degree of independence between such modules.MethodsWe evaluated phenotypic correlations and QTL overlaps in F2 offspring of a cross between the morning glories Ipomoea lacunosa and I. cordatotriloba and investigated how traits clustered into modules at both the phenotypic and genetic level. We then compared our findings to other QTL studies of the selfing syndrome.Key resultsIn the I. lacunosa selfing syndrome, traits group into modules that display correlated evolution within but not between modules. QTL overlap predicts phenotypic correlations, and QTLs affecting the same trait module are significantly physically clustered in the genome. The genetic architecture of the selfing syndrome varies across systems, but the pattern of stronger within-than between-module correlation is widespread.ConclusionsThe genetic architecture we observe in the selfing syndrome is consistent with a growing understanding of floral morphological integration achieved via pleiotropy in clustered traits. This view of floral evolution is consistent with resource limitation or predation driving the evolution of the selfing syndrome, but invites further research into both the selective causes of the selfing syndrome and how genetic architecture itself evolves in response to changes in mating system.

Highly selfing plant species frequently display a distinctive suite of traits termed the selfing syndrome. Here we tested the hypothesis that these traits are grouped into correlated evolutionary modules and determined the degree of independence between such modules. Methods: We evaluated phenotypic correlations and QTL overlaps in F2 offspring of a cross between the morning glories Ipomoea lacunosa and I. cordatotriloba and investigated how traits clustered into modules at both the phenotypic and genetic level. We then compared our findings to other QTL studies of the selfing syndrome. Results: In the I. lacunosa selfing syndrome, traits grouped into modules that displayed correlated evolution within but not between modules. QTL overlap predicted phenotypic correlations, and QTLs affecting the same trait module were significantly physically clustered in the genome. The genetic architecture of the selfing syndrome varied across systems, but the pattern of stronger within-than between-module correlation was widespread. Conclusions: The genetic architecture we observe in the selfing syndrome is consistent with a growing understanding of floral morphological integration achieved via pleiotropy in clustered traits. This view of floral evolution is consistent with resource limitation or predation driving the evolution of the selfing syndrome, but invites further research into both the selective causes of the selfing syndrome and how genetic architecture itself evolves in response to changes in mating system.

Although the evolution of the selfing syndrome often involves reductions in floral size, pollen, and nectar, few studies of selfing syndrome divergence have examined nectar. We investigate whether nectar traits have evolved independently of other floral size traits in the selfing syndrome, whether nectar traits diverged due to drift or selection, and the extent to which quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses predict genetic correlations. We use F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a cross between Ipomoea cordatotriloba and I. lacunosa. We calculate genetic correlations to identify evolutionary modules, test whether traits have been under selection, identify QTLs, and perform correlation analyses to evaluate how well QTL properties reflect the genetic correlations. Nectar and floral size traits form separate genetic clusters. Directional selection has acted to reduce nectar traits in the selfing I. lacunosa. Calculations from QTL properties are consistent with observed genetic correlations. Floral trait divergence during mating system syndrome evolution reflects independent evolution of at least two evolutionary modules: nectar and floral size traits. This independence implies that adaptive change in these modules requires direct selection on both floral size and nectar traits. Our study also supports the expected mechanistic link between QTL properties and genetic correlations.