SUMMARY:Juvenile meagre were sampled at intervals during their first 500 days in a cage-based fish farm. Fish muscle showed a relatively low fat content (0.65-2.0%) when compared with other species of farmed fish, corroborating the consideration of meagre as a lean fish. At the beginning of the assay, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were in a similar proportion (approximately 30%), while polyunsaturated were close to 39% of total FAs, the n-3:n-6 ratio being of 3.8. Throughout the experiment a notable reduction in the sum of PUFA n-3 and an increase of linoleic (18:2n-6) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) was found. These changes led to a fall of n-3:n-6 ratio to values close to or lower than 1.0. Most probably, these changes reflect variations in the feeding regime applied during farming. In any case, fish offered good indices of lipid quality for human consumption. KEYWORDS:Aquaculture; Argyrosomus regius; Fatty acids profile; Muscle; n-3:n-6 ratio RESUMEN: Evolución del contenido en lípidos y ácidos grasos del músculo de la corvina (Argyrosomus regius) durante los primeros dieciséis meses de cultivo en jaulas flotantes. Se han muestreado corvinas juveniles durante los 500 primeros días de cultivo en jaulas flotantes. El contenido en grasa muscular fue relativamente bajo (0,65-2 %) en relación con otras especies de peces cultivados, lo que corrobora su consideración de pez magro. Al principio del ensayo, los ácidos grasos saturados y monoinsaturados mostraron una proporción del 30%, mientras que los poliinsaturados de un 39% del total de FAs, siendo la relación n-3/n-6 de 3,8. A lo largo del periodo experimental hubo una reducción notable de PUFAs n-3 y un incremento de ácido linoleico (18:2n-6) y, en menor proporción, de ácido oleico (18:1n-9), lo que llevó a una disminución de la relación n-3/n-6 hasta valores cercanos o menores de 1,0. Estos cambios reflejan variaciones en la composición del alimento durante el cultivo. En cualquier caso, la corvina ofrece buenos índices de calidad lipídica para la salud del consumidor.
ResumenEn este artículo se analizan con parámetros de composición 58 puestas de trucha arcoiris obtenidas, manejadas y monitoreadas individualmente en desempeño desde la fertilización hasta finalizar la etapa de reabsorción de vesícula. Además de los valores reproductivos, el contenido de ácidos grasos en las ovas se determinó en fresco, mediante cromatografía de gases. En el perfil medio se destacan los ácidos palmítico (C16), oleico (C18:1n-9) y docosahexaenoico (C22:6n-3) como los más representativos, con casi el 60% del total y, en general, en concentraciones estables entre las hembras. Tanto para cada ácido determinado como para el conjunto de contenidos integrados de las series n-3 y n-6, y los colectivos de saturados (SAF), monoinsaturados (MUFA) y poliinsaturados (PUFA), se define un patrón de composición similar al reportado para la especie en otros esquemas de manejo y bajo regímenes nutricionales variables. Se analizó la condición conservativa en la incorporación de ácidos grasos al huevo, y se discutió su utilidad como posibles definitorios de calidad, teniendo como referente la alta variabilidad registrada en la supervivencia al final del proceso de incubación.Palabras clave: ácidos grasos, calidad del huevo, composición del huevo, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fatty Acid Composition in Rainbow Trout Eggs (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) AbstractThis article analyzes, with composition parameters, 58 rainbow trout egg-layings obtained, handled and monitored individually in performance from their fertilization until the end of the gallbladder reabsortion phase. Aside from the reproductive values, the content of fatty acids in the eggs was determined in fresh conditions through gas chromatography. The average profile highlights the palmitic acid (C16), oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), as the most representative, with almost 60% of the total and, in general, in stable concentrations among females. Both for each determined acid and for the suite of integrated series n-3 and n-6, and the groups of saturated (SAF), monounstaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA), a pattern of similar composition to the one reported is defined for the species in other management schemes and under varying nutritional regimes. The conservative condition was analyzed in the incorporation of fatty acids into the egg and its usefulness as possible quality definers was discussed, using the high variability recorded in survival at the end of the incubation process as reference.
This article describes the kinetic study of potato starch enzymatic hydrolysis using soluble enzymes (Novo Nordisk). Different assays divided into four groups were used: reaction time (with which it was possible to reduce the 48-72 hour duration reported in the literature to 16 hours with comparable productivity levels); selecting the set of enzymes to be used (different types were evaluated -BAN and Termamyl as alfa-amylases during dextrinization stage, and AMG, Promozyme and Fungamyl for sacarification reaction- identifying those presenting the best performance during hydrolysis). Reaction conditions were optimized for the process's two stages (dextrinization and sacarification). Enzyme dose, calcium cofactor concentration, pH, temperature and agitation speed were studied for the first stage. Enzyme ratio, pH and agitation speed were studied for sacarification; the latter parameter reported values having no antecedents in the literature (60 rpm and 30 rpm for first and second reactions, respectively). Michaelis Menten kinetics were calculated once conditions had been optimized, varying substrate from 10%-50% P/V, obtaining km and Vmax kinetic parameters for each reaction. A kinetic model was found according to local working conditions which was able to explain potato starch conversion to glucose syrup, achieving 96 dextrose equivalents by the end of the reaction, being well within the maximum range reported in the literature (94-98). Laboratory equipment was constructed prior to carrying out assays which was able to reproduce and improve the conditions reported in the literature, making it a useful, reliable tool for use in assays returning good results.
Los sistemas de defensa anti-oxidante utilizados por el parásito intracelular Leishmania braziliensis durante el proceso de infección permiten eliminar especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno a expensas de equivalentes reductores derivados de la tripanotiona, evitando daños celulares del patógeno. Con el objetivo de identificar potenciales blancos moleculares para el desarrollo de fármacos contra este parásito, se realizó la detección de la enzima triparedoxina peroxidasa citoplasmática de L. braziliensis (LbTXNPxII), la cual es esencial para disminuir concentraciones tóxicas de peróxido de hidrógeno en el contexto de infección. Para esto se generaron anticuerpos policlonales en modelo aviar, partiendo de la clonación, expresión y purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-SUMO-LbTXNPxII (37kDa) en el sistema heterólogo Escherichia coli. La proteína purificada se utilizó como antígeno para la producción de anticuerpos IgY, cuya implementación en estudios in situ permitió detectar y localizar la enzima LbTXNPxII endógena (22kDa) en el citoplasma de promastigotes fijados y verificar su interacción molecular con la nicotinamida/nicotinato mononucleótido adenilil transferasa, enzima involucrada en la síntesis del NAD. De este modo, se reporta el desarrollo de una herramienta bioquímica para la identificación y estudio de la enzima LbTXNPxII y su participación en vías del metabolismo energético y de defensa anti-oxidante.
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