The real burden of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in non-hospitalized patients is largely unknown. This is a 3-year prospective, observational study of ambulatory CAP in adults, conducted in 24 Spanish primary care centers between 2016–2019. Sociodemographic and clinical variables of patients with radiographically confirmed CAP were collected. Pneumococcal etiology was assessed using the Binax Now® test. Patients were followed up for 10 ± 3 days. A total of 456 CAP patients were included in the study. Mean age was 56.6 (±17.5) years, 53.5% were female, and 53.9% had ≥1 comorbidity. Average incidence of CAP was 1.2–3.5 cases per 1000 persons per year. Eighteen patients (3.9%) were classified as pneumococcal CAP. Cough was present in 88.1% of patients at diagnosis and fever in 70.8%. Increased pulmonary density (63.3%) and alveolar infiltrates with air bronchogram (16.6%) were the most common radiographic findings. After 14.6 ± 6.0 days (95% CI = 13.9–15.3), 65.4% of patients had recovered. Hospitalization rate was 2.8%. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were quinolones (58.7%) and β-lactams (31.1%). In conclusion, one-third of CAP patients did not fully recover after two weeks of empiric antibiotic therapy and 2.8% required hospitalization, highlighting the significant burden associated with non-hospitalized CAP in Spain.

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Background: Chronic cough (CC; cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer) poses major effective assessment challenges. Assessment of CC may vary considerably among medical specialists. Objectives: The aim was to evaluate similarities and consistency of responses across different specialists when performing a basic assessment of CC patients in primary care, and referring patients based on clinical findings or test results. Methods: A modified Delphi approach was used. A survey with 74 statements on initial assessment of CC and referral pathways was addressed to a panel of different specialists, who voted the statements in two rounds. Results: Seventy-seven physicians [18 primary care physicians (PCPs), 24 pulmonologists, 22 allergists, and 13 ear, nose, and throat specialists] from the National Healthcare System of Spain answered the questionnaire. After two rounds, the panel reached a consensus on 63 out of the 74 proposed items (85.1%). Consensus was not reached among the panelists of at least one specialty on 15 out of these 63 agreed items. The panel agreed on those clinical aspects that should be evaluated by PCPs in all patients with CC including the impact of CC on quality of life. Agreement was reached on initial actions to be taken in primary care, including substitution of drugs that may induce cough, performing a chest X-ray, introduction of anti-reflux measures, initiation of empirical anti-reflux pharmacological therapy in some cases, and performing a spirometry with bronchodilator test and hemogram if an etiological diagnosis was not reached. The panelists agreed on a list of diseases that PCPs should assess before referring CC patients. Algorithms were developed for initial assessment and targeted referral of patients with CC from primary care. Conclusion: This study provides the perspective of different medical specialists on how to perform a basic assessment of CC patients in primary care and how and when to refer patients to other specialists.

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