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The valence–space metaphor posits that emotion concepts map onto vertical space such that positive concepts are in upper locations and negative in lower locations. Whilst previous studies have demonstrated this pattern for positive and negative emotions e.g. ‘joy’ and ‘sadness’, the spatial location of neutral emotions, e.g. ‘surprise’, has not been investigated, and little is known about the effect of linguistic background. In this study, we first characterised the emotions joy, surprise and sadness via ratings of their concreteness, imageability, context availability and valence before examining the allocation of these emotions in vertical space. Participants from six linguistic groups completed either a rating task used to characterise the emotions or a word allocation task to implicitly assess where these emotions are positioned in vertical space. Our findings suggest that, across languages, gender, handedness, and ages, positive emotions are located in upper spatial locations and negative emotions in lower spatial locations. In addition, we found that the neutral emotional valence of surprise is reflected in this emotion being mapped mid-way between upper and lower locations onto the vertical plane. This novel finding indicates that the location of a concept on the vertical plane mimics the concept’s degree of emotional valence.

The growth in the field of Information Technology (IT) has been very fast in last few decades and the various applications depending on IT are also changing very drastically. One of the very popular IT applications is online teaching and learning. The main focus of this article is to survey the various online elearning architectures and then make a comparison among them. Based on the analytical, comparative studies of these various architectures, we are able to provide certain suggestions about the limitations that were observed. Further on, we emphasize some of the research challenges and design issues that have been followed in order to make fruitful improvement in the intelligent online e-learning architecture system to provide the cultural aspects of online classrooms.

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Software agent is the one of the most recent contribution in the field of Information Technology. The field of software agents is a broad and rapidly developing area of research, which encompasses a diverse range of topics and interests. In order to study the various methodologies for agent design, implementation, commercial use of it, a sample survey is required.This paper gives an overview of recent research on the software agents, agent communication languages (ACL), the different ontology use for software agent, also the summary of ACL and different tool kits for developing a software agent.