Synthesis of g-nitroaldehydes from branched chain aldehydes and a range of a,b-unsaturated nitroalkenes was achieved by a whole-cell biocatalytic reaction using 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase as catalyst. Under mild conditions, cyclic and acyclic branched aldehydes were converted into synthetically valuable quaternary carbon containing g-nitroaldehydes. The yields of the desired products were influenced by reaction condition parameters such as organic solvent, temperature and pH. The whole-cell biocatalytic approach to the generation of a,a-substituted g-nitroaldehydes was compared to the organocatalytic approach involving the lithium salt of phenylalanine as a catalyst. As the resulting g-nitroaldehydes exhibited moderate antifungal activity and mild in vitro cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts (0.2-0.4 mM) they could further be examined as potentially useful pharmaceutical synthons.Scheme 2 Tautomerase based whole-cell catalyzed Michael addition of isobutanal to b-nitrostyrene. Fig. 1 Structures of (A) branched donors and (B) g-nitroaldehyde products of Michael-type additions catalyzed by 4-OT.This journal is

Identification and characterization of novel genes belonging to microbial aromatic biodegradation pathway is of great importance as they have been proven versatile biocatalysts. In this study, the selection of 19 environmental bacterial isolates capable to degrade a wide range of aromatic compounds has been screened for the presence of five genes from the lower and the upper aromatic biodegradation pathway using PCR methodology. In the case of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase and toluene dioxygenases, although present in the most of environmental isolates, very limited diversity of the genes has been encountered. Highly conserved sequences of these genes in environmental samples revealed high homology with gene sequences of the characterized corresponding genes from Pseudomonas putida species. The screen using degenerate primers based on known catechol-and naphthalene dioxygenases sequences resulted in a limited number of amplified fragments. Only two catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from two Bacillus isolates were amplified and showed no significant similarities with dioxygenases from characterized organisms, but 80-90% identities with partial catechol 2,3-dioxygenase sequences from uncultured organisms. Potentially three novel catechol 1,2-dioxygenases were identified from Bacillus sp. TN102, Gordonia sp. TN103 and Rhodococcus sp. TN112. Highly homologous tautomerase and toluene dioxygenases amongst environmental samples isolated from the contaminated environment suggested horizontal gene transfer while limited success in PCR detection of the other three genes indicates that these isolates may still be a source of novel genes. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173048]

The resulting γ‐nitroaldehydes exhibit moderate antifungal activity and mild in vitro cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts.