Ninety preselected children, aged between 8 and 14 years, living in two rural West African (Gambian) villages, were randomly divided into three groups, matched for age and sex. One group received a placebo (lactose) tablet, one received riboflavin (5 mg) on 5 d every week, which was sufficient to correct an endemic riboflavin deficiency, and one received a multivitamin supplement (Protovit; Hoffmann La Roche), on 5 d every week, together with FeSO4 (200 mg) once weekly, and the supplements were given for 1 year. Neuromuscular tests, including arm tremor and manipulative skills, were performed on three occasions: once just before the introduction of the supplements; again 6 weeks after commencing the supplements; and again 1 year later. Venous blood samples were collected at the same time as the first two sets of neuromuscular tests. These samples were used for haematology and nutrient status indices: plasma ferritin, ascorbic acid, cyanocobalamin and pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte tests for folate status, for riboflavin status (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient) and thiamine status (erythrocyte transketolase activation coefficient). The riboflavin in both supplements achieved a clear-cut response in biochemical status, which was dose-dependent. The pyridoxine, ascorbic acid and Fe components of the multivitamin also affected the associated biochemical indices. Although overall the arm tremor and related neuromuscular function tests did not respond significantly to the supplements, significant improvement was seen in the boys for the arm-tremor test in both the supplemented groups.

No abstract

Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth, w e d SY23 3EB. UK.The absorption of peptides by the ruminant gastrointestinal tract is an important physiological process. The breakdown of proteins by m e n microorganisms gives rise to peptides, and recent observations suggest that these peptides make a significant contribution to non-ammonia nitrogen flow to the small intestine, and are available for absorption [I].In the intestine of non-ruminant species the transport of di-and tri-peptides has been shown to be driven by a H+-gradient [Z, 3, 41. The */peptide symporter (PEPTI) has recently been cloned from rabbit intestine [S, 61 and may provide a useful tool in the identification of peptide transporters in other mammalian species.The prope&s of a peptide transport system in the ovine and bovine enterocyte brush-border membrane were examined with glycyl-L-proline as the substrate.Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were isolated from ovine and bovine proximal intestine as described previously [7].BBMV were fully characterised in terms of the marker enzymes characteristic of intestinal brush-border membrane. The membrane vesicles were enriched 23-fold in the brush-border membrane marker, alkaline phosphatase. The specific activities of marker enzymes associated with the basolateral membrane and intracellular membranes were low, indicating that there was little or no contamination of these membranes in the final BBMV preparation. The results were supported by Western blotting of membrane samples using antibodies raised against villin, a protein specific to the brush-border, and Na+/K+-ATPase, a marker of the basolateral membrane [8]. There was a 16-fold enrichment of villin in the BBMV over the homogenate, as measured by densitometry, whilst the levels of Na+lK+-ATPase detected in the homogenate were diminished totally in the BBMV.The purified. fully characterised, BBMV were then used to investigate the mechanism of transport of glycyl-L-proline in ruminant small intestine.The ovine and bovine intestinal BBMV transported glycyl-Lproline in response to an inwardly-directed H+-gradient (pHw5.5; pHi=7.5), see Fig. 1. Dissipating the H+ gradient, by preincubating the vesicles with 4,5,6,7-terachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidamle (TTFB), a classical mitochondrial uncoupling agent [9], inhibited the H+-dependent transport. The mechanism of H+/peptide transport, and the properties of the transporter in the intestine of ruminants, are similar to those observed in non-ruminant species [2, 3, 41. The initial rates of glycyl-L-proline transport are higher in the pre-ruminant than in the ruminant animal.The data initiates further work to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the peptide transporter at the cellular level. E m n ' 1 n + TTFB Conditions Fig. 1. Glvcvl-L-aroline transport by ovine and bo vine intestinal BBMV.Glycyl-L-proline transport was measured as described previously [2]. BBMV (0.1 mg of protein), loaded with a buffer containing 300 mM-mannitol, 20 mM-Hepearis, pH 7.5 and 0...