In New South Wales P. xanthopus is limited to an area of 70 by 10 km, about 150 km north-east of Broken Hill. The distinctive habitat consists of cliffs, wind-blown caves and angled boulders jumbled together. The temperature and relative humidity differed by 11�C and 21 % between the outside and the inside of one cave. The vegetation is abundant and diverse, and indicates a moisture regime more favourable to the species than is that of the surrounding plain. The conservation of the species is discussed.

The number of kangaroos on the plains of New South Wales (496000 km2) was estimated as 2 073 000 & 98 000 red kangaroos, Megaleia rufa, and 1 578 000 i- 84 000 grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus and M. fuliginosus. The overall densities were 4.18 reds and 3.18 greys per square kilometre. Sheep outnumbered kangaroos by five to one. Red kangaroos were most numerous in the north-west of the state, greys in the north-central region. The legal harvest on the survey area in 1975 was 48 100 reds and 60 300 greys, representing 2.3% of the population of reds and 3.8% of the greys. Density is mapped for both red and grey kangaroos, and a design is offered for monitoring subsequent changes in density by aerial survey.

Aerial surveys of eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, were conducted over the western edge of the wheat belt of southern Queensland in two wet years (1983 and 1984) and one year of average rainfall (1985). Because most kangaroos moved rapidly off crops shortly after dawn and returned shortly before dusk, flights within 15 min of dawn and dusk provided the best indicators of kangaroo crop usage. Very low densities were observed on mature crops in all years and on immature crops in the two wetter years. In July 1985, which was drier, a density of 11 kangaroos km-2 was recorded on immature crops. This density was comparable with that for all uncultivated land in the surveyed area. Close to undeveloped land, densities of 14-17 kangaroos km-2 were observed on crops.

Skulls were aged for 4623 grey kangaroos (of both species), 1030 red kangaroos and 84 wallaroos taken by professional shooters in 1973 around eight towns in New South Wales. There was no significant difference in the proportion of adult (4-9 y) to old (10+ y) animals between areas, but there was a difference between red and grey kangaroos. The proportion of young (0-3y) animals, however, varied significantly between areas; this is attributed partly to variation between shooters. A time-specific life table was constructed on the basis of a stationary age distribution; the annual survival was 0.661 for grey kangaroos, 0.729 for wallaroos and 0.790 for red kangaroos. These rates seem influenced by the minimum carcass weights of 12, 13 and 16 kg for the three species respectively, and by the greater tolerance of graziers for red than grey kangaroos. The limitations and potentialities of these observations are discussed and the direction of future investigations indicated.

Aerial surveys of feral pigs in the Goondiwindi region of Queensland showed an overall observed density of about 1 per square kilometree. On mature wheat crops in October, up to four feral pigs per square kilometre were seen amidst substantial crop damage. Emus were less abundant and seen more evenly over all habitats at an average of 0.3 per square kilometre. Factors affecting sightability are discussed.