Introduction: Adherence to treatment is crucial in long-term diabetes outcome, and treatment includes many different domains, but when most adherence studies have only focused on medication adherence, few studies have focused on diet, physical activity, and self-care. There is a need to have comprehensive scale which can assess all the domains together. This study aimed at development and validation of treatment adherence scale for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: An initial version of Comprehensive Treatment Adherence Scale (CTAS) was prepared based on literature review and identification of key components. Then experts’ opinion, further review of literature, pilot study, led to many changes in the scale. Finally, a 7-domain CTAS was developed. 240 patients’ data were collected and practicing doctors’ interviews were taken for the final version of the scale. The study was carried out in Pimpri, Pune, India using convenience sampling. Statistical Analysis: For reliability of the scale, Cronbach’s α was used. Intra-item correlation and inter item correlation were done. Categorical variables were expressed in terms of frequency and percentages (where applicable). Results: The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.829 for scale. Inter item correlation for scale between different domains was found to have wide range from +0.188 to +0.736 (P < 0.01). The study found that only 105 (43.57%) were advised about all the seven domains of the treatment. Out of 240 patients, 50 (20.83%), 141 (58.75%), 44 (18.33%), and 5 (2.08%) showed excellent, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, and poor treatment adherence, respectively. Conclusion: The CTAS for diabetes includes all the important aspects of the treatment. The scale also helps in maintaining a standard treatment protocol for diabetes.

Introduction: Stroke causes a high burden of death and disability all over the world. The majority of stroke survivors continue to have difficulties, and their families must shoulder a considerable portion of the expenditures of ongoing rehabilitation and long-term care. In India, stroke rehabilitation is still underachieved due to various reasons leading to delay or incomplete recovery of the patients thus adding up more burden on the caregivers. Thus, studying the caregiver burden of stroke rehabilitation will help policymakers tackle this issue faced by our lower economically challenged citizens.Objectives: The objective is to measure the perceived burden on caregivers during stroke rehabilitation.Methods and materials: The observational study was conducted by interviewing the stroke survivors' caregivers and visiting the physiotherapy OPD using the caregiver burden scale/questionnaire.Results: The study had 76 caregivers, 51.32% were women and 48.68% were men. The average age for caregivers was 42 years and 55 years for patients. The average duration of giving care was six months. The perceived caregiver burden score was low (mean-19.61) suggesting that not all assistance is associated with stress. The correlation of each burden measure with Modified Rankin Scale for disability is significantly correlated (r=0.7, P<0.0001). Further investigation revealed that caregivers had considerably higher levels of stress when the patient needed to exercise, walk or use the restroom. A low yearly income, a higher secondary education, and a small number of family members were shown to be connected with individuals who scored the highest on stress.Conclusion: Based on this study, we conclude that people with low income residing in nuclear families require more support for caregiving during rehabilitation. We recommend that health and welfare policy measures be developed to lessen caregiver burden in order to improve caregivers' post-stroke experiences.

Introduction: Innovative teaching has been the topic of research with variable learning outcomes. This study was done with an objective to assess the undergraduate medical students’ perception about the effect of introducing spatial technology training for surveillance of vectors of dengue and other mosquito borne diseases. Methods: Undergraduate medical students were invited to participate in the training program on Mosquito borne diseases. A total of 80 students participated in the program. After the training, they were divided into two groups to conduct mosquito larval survey using conventional method and GIS technology. Qualitative feedback was collected about their experience in writing from participants using open-ended questions. The feedbacks were analyzed using thematic analysis and participants’ observation, NVivo 12 software. Results: Non-response rate was 20-30% in conventional group compared to GIS group. About 44% (n=63) of the participants found the training content to be educational, interesting and informative, 53.4% (n=58) of the participants said the field activity experience was interesting, 72.3%(n=58) found the overall training program to be amazing, engaging in addition to being informative and educational hands on learning experience. Field activity was liked by 50.8% (n=57) participants while 36.8% liked presentation and field activity both. NVivo 12 was used to build a word cloud and the concept diagram. Conclusion: The findings suggest that introduction of new technology acted as an engaging factor and increased the interest in the topic. Participants were more willing to get hands-on experience of GIS. Innovative teaching with hands-on experience of the topics could be an effective way of teaching in medical education.