Dietary lipids modulate NOS and PLA2 activities, ceramide production, and glutathione import into the mitochondrial matrix, finally determining the activation of the two main protease systems involved in programmed cell death. Olive oil appears to be a biological source for the isolation of protective agents that block the expansion of brain core at the expense of penumbral neurons.

The present work studies the potential restorative effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 5 μM/24 h) on the dimethoate (DMT)‐induced inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells isolated from rat testes. Various fatty acids (FA) from the n‐6 (18:2, 20:3, 20:4, 22:4 and 22:5) and n‐3 (18.3, 20:5, 22:5, 22:6) series were assayed in Leydig cells, alone (as delipidated BSA complexes) and in combination with DMT (1 ppm). The n‐6 FA stimulated lipid peroxidation (LPO) and inhibited the activities of steroidogenic enzymes (3β‐ and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases). The n‐3 FA exerted an anti‐oxidant effect, decreasing the production of thiobarbituric‐acid reactive substances (TBARS) and inhibiting phospholipase A2 activity. The biosynthesis of testosterone in DMT‐treated cultures was completely normalized by ARA (20:4n‐6) and partially restored by the addition of 20:3n‐6, increasing ARA content inside the mitochondria. The other FA assayed failed to restore androgenesis. COX‐2 protein and prostaglandin F2α and E2 production were stimulated by 20:3n‐6, ARA, 18:3n‐3 and 20:5 n‐3. COX‐2 protein decreased upon addition of 22:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3. StAR protein was increased by ARA and partially increased by 20:3n‐6, likely due to its metabolic conversion into ARA. Both FA increased the mitochondrial cholesterol pool available for testosterone biosynthesis. The rate of androgenesis is likely the result of various regulatory factors acting concomitantly on the physiology of Leydig cells.