Popular stereotypes of aging affect the performance of seniors in a number of different domains, from memory performance to physiological response. The authors undertook a review of this area, in which they examined 17 studies that looked at the impact of stereotype primes on older individuals' cognitive, physical, physiological and psychological performance. Analyses included investigating the effects of both positive and negative age stereotypes, and implicit and explicit priming methodologies. The authors utilized a meta-analytic technique on a subset of studies that examined the impact of priming on memory performance. This yielded an effect size of 0.38. The results suggest that popular stereotypes of aging (and the corresponding subtle changes in the testing environment) are important variables to consider for those researchers testing performance of seniors.

uring times of crisis, such as wars, natural disasters or pandemics, citizens look to leaders for guidance. Successful crisis management often depends on mobilizing individual citizens to change their behaviours and make personal sacrifices for the public good 1 . Crucial to this endeavour is trust: citizens are more likely to follow official guidance when they trust their leaders 2 . Here, we investigate public trust in leaders in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which continues to threaten millions of lives around the globe at the time of writing 3,4 .Because the novel coronavirus is highly transmissible, a critical factor in limiting pandemic spread is compliance with public health recommendations such as social distancing, physical hygiene and mask wearing 5,6 . Trust in leaders is a strong predictor of citizen compliance with a variety of public health policies [7][8][9][10][11][12] . During pandemics, trust in experts issuing public health guidelines is a key predictor of compliance with those guidelines. For example, during the avian influenza pandemic of 2009 (H1N1), self-reported trust in medical organizations predicted self-reported compliance with protective health measures and vaccination rates 13,14 . During the COVID-19 pandemic, data from several countries show that public trust in scientists, doctors and the government is positively associated with self-reported compliance with public health Moral dilemmas and trust in leaders during a global health crisis

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Symptoms of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) often include weakness, discomfort, pain, numbness and stiffness, which are generally assessed clinically by using static tests or isolated movements. Little is known about the dynamic, functional ability of the upper extremity in CTD, yet, more than impairment, performance variables may relate to disability. The objectives of this study were to determine whether a manual tracking task was sensitive to the presence of symptoms associated with CTD and whether tracking performance related to disability. Forty-five volunteers who had frequently experienced one or more symptoms consistent with upper extremity CTD for at least 1 year and 22 control subjects performed the manual tracking task. Using a hand-held stylus over a digitizing tablet, subjects tracked a target that moved pseudo-randomly and was displayed on a computer screen. The root mean square error of the linear difference between target and stylus positions provided a measure of overall performance accuracy. Quadrant specific performance was also calculated to determine whether the location of the target (hence hand and wrist position) influenced performance. Additionally, the symptomatic group completed the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire reflecting physical disability level. Performance accuracy was poorer in symptomatic subjects than controls (p<0.001) and was influenced by target location (p<0.0001). The overall performance was associated with physical disability (r = 0.54). The findings suggest that tracking performance is sensitive to the presence of CTD symptoms and related to disability level. Further validation is required to determine whether the performance measure is sensitive to disease progression or intervention-induced changes.

We present a field experiment designed to examine the discriminatory motives of an understudied demographic: the poorest people in England. Subjects are first asked to divide £10 between two strangers, and then play a £10 dictator game with another stranger. We subtly vary the ethnicity of the receivers by providing subjects with surnames randomly drawn from the electoral register, including treatments that allow us to parse behaviour into either in-group favouritism or out-group negativity, an important behavioural distinction that is typically overlooked in the discrimination literature. Our results suggest that the observed discriminatory attitudes are the result of out-group negativity rather than in-group favouritism. We advance the literature on discrimination through the estimation of a structural model of groupcontingent social preferences, which we exploit to perform counterfactual simulations. Our results provide insights into the behaviour of this unique demographic and provide a rationale for why they may support discriminatory policies in their voting behaviour.* Financial support from the Birmingham Experimental Economics Laboratory (BEEL) and the ESRC is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Luke Lindsay for comments and participants at the 5th Annual Xiamen University International Workshop on Experimental Economics, the Inaugural PhD conference at the University of Leicester, the ESA European Meetings in Heidelberg, and those at the University of Exeter brown bag for helpful discussions.