Objective: The present study aims in comparison of phenolic acids and its antioxidant potentialities of young and mature leaf extract of Tectona grandis L f. Methods:Various phenolic acids present in methanolic leaf extract of young and mature leaves of T. grandis were analyzed by reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography analysis. The antioxidant potentiality of the extracts was determined by various analytical methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and metal chelating activity.Results: Methanolic leaf extracts of young and mature leaf of T. grandis showed a pool of phenolic compounds such as gallic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, chlorogenic, sinapic, p-coumarate, and cinnamic acids. Irrespective of the methods used for analyzing antioxidant capacity, young leaf extract showed potent antioxidant potentiality when compared with the mature leaf extract. Conclusion:The methanolic extract of teak leaves is rich source of many phenolic compounds, and these compounds attribute to the antioxidant capacity of the leaves. Meanwhile, by comparing the young and mature leaves, the young leaves showed much more potential than the other. It is, therefore, concluded that the young teak leaves can be used as a good source of natural antioxidant.

Objective: The present study evaluates purification, characterization of anthocyanin from in vitro culture of teak and its antioxidant potential. Methods:Anthocyanin was extracted from in vitro culture, purified by using amber lite XAD column and fractionated by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Various antioxidant assays were carried such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), Nitric oxide (NO) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).Results: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed the major fraction as cyanidin 3-(2-xylosyl-rutinoside) with unknown peaks. The amount of anthocyanin was 15.23 mg/g monomeric anthocyanin. Further, the potential antioxidant capacity of the teak anthocyanin was comparable to common vegetables and fruits. Similarly, high correlations of anthocyanin with antioxidant activity, such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) (r = 0.95, 0.93, and 0.80) were found. Conclusion:The high anthocyanins content and potential antioxidant activity suggests that teak anthocyanin may be applied in the food industry as a good source of natural pigments.

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Background: Caesalpinia pulcherrima, belongs to Caesapiniaceae, is a known medicinal plant widely distributed in India and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Many phytochemicals are reported from the plant as potential source of crude drug. Materials and Methods: An efficient and simple reproducible protocol was developed for callus production using leaf explants of C. pulcherrima. The combination of 2, 4-D, kin and BA, was used for the callus induction. Subsequently, cell suspension culture and quercetin synthesis from in vitro callus was attempted. Role of effect of elicitors (Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid) in cell suspension culture was carried in MS medium containing 2,4-D + BA + kinetin. Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR. Results: 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L), BA (2.5 mg/L) + kin (1 mg/mL) was effective for maximum callus induction from leaf explants. Significant cell suspension culture was noticed with liquid MS medium containing 2,4-D (2 mg/L)+ BA (1mg/L)+ kinetin (1.5 mg/L). Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations influenced cell biomass and quercetin accumulation. The addition of ABA/SA along with sucrose was found to have no remarkable effect on cell biomass and also quercetin synthesis. However, cells cultured in the medium fortified with 45 g/L sucrose without ABA/ SA showed the highest quercetin content (16.5 mg/g). Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR revealed the presence of 9 components such as quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetrin, rutin, quercetin 3-O-β-D-xyloside, quercetin 3-Oarabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-arabinopyranosyl (1→2) β-galactopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and an unknown compound. Conclusion: C. pulcherima reveals significant synthesis of quercetin. Quercetin content recorded in cell suspension culture was significantly higher compared with in vivo plants grown in fields and the compounds were identified by NMR.

Objective: Clerodendron infortunatum L. is a widely used medicinal herb over centuries for curing many skin-borne disorders. The present study was designed to validate the tribal knowledge by evaluating antimicrobial potential of purified anthocyanin extracted from in vitro cell suspension culture.Methods: The explants were inoculated on murashige and skoog (MS) medium mixed with various combinations of 2, 4-D a+BAP for callus induction. Green compact callus was initiated within 30 d from the explants on MS medium fortified with benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2.0 mg/l)+2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l). Subsequently, anthocyanin was triggered from the compact callus by subculturing in the medium containing 2, 4-D and Kinetin. Cell suspension culture was also developed. Anthocyanin production was enhanced by elicitation using salicylic acid and others. Three chromatographic methods such as solid phase extraction by Sepharose C18 column, Oasis-MCX and Amberlite XAD 7+Sephadex LH 120 sorbents were used to purify the in vitro synthesized anthocyanin from the cell cultures. HPLC and molar absorptivity assay were carried to check the purity. Antimicrobial analysis was also carried using standard protocols to check minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum killing concentration (MKC).Results: The mean purity values obtained by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPLC) were 90.9%±1.9, 80.60%±2.3 for Oasis MCX, Amberlite XAD-7+Sephadex LH-20 column respectively. However, the purity by molar absorptivity was found to be less. HPLC chromatogram revealed 12 fractions of anthocyanin. Inhibition zone diameter, MIC and MKC values obtained for the purified anthocyanin revealed its antimicrobial potentiality but at different levels among the selected bacteria and fungi. C. albicans, S. aureus, P. aerugenosa showed significant values followed by MRSA, E. coli and A. flavus. The results are comparable with the synthetic antibiotics. However, E. faecalis was more resistance. Mode of action was confirmed from the results of intracellular potassium leakage and bacterial membrane integrity analysis.Conclusion: Thus, the study confirms the efficacy of anthocyanin as natural antimicrobial and suggests the possibility of employing it as drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by the pathogens.