This working paper identifies key climate policies and investments and estimates their emissions-reduction potential and associated costs, which can enable the United States to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50–52% compared to 2005 levels by 2030 and reach net-zero GHG emissions by midcentury, the goals set by the Biden administration.

This issue brief discusses existing energy injustice in the United States, related to longstanding and intersectional discrimination based on race, income, gender, and location, and how federal investment in the clean energy transition can address energy equity issues. The brief considers how targeted investment and other spending and policy considerations can direct and retain benefits of clean energy for households and communities that, historically and currently, have not benefited equitably from the energy system.