Our objective was to determine the effort required for high-probability early detection of non-native zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish using Duluth–Superior Harbor — a Great Lakes port under intense non-native species introduction pressure — as a case study. Initially, we allocated samples using a spatially balanced random design. We then resampled the harbor, but allocated samples to a few targeted areas. We detected 21 non-native invertebrate and 10 non-native fish species; however, many rare zooplankton and benthic invertebrates were likely missed. The two designs did not have significantly different species accumulation curves, but the targeted area design samples had higher species richness and detected non-native species with a significantly higher probability. It was possible to reduce the effort required to detect established non-native species. In contrast, the effort required to detect an ultra-rare, newly arrived species remained large. Based on statistical estimation theory, the effort required to detect 95% or more of species present could exceed enumerating 750 zooplankton samples (~500 000 individuals, ~90 species), 150 benthic invertebrate samples (~100 000 individuals, ~250 species), and 100 fish samples (~75 000 individuals, ~40 species).
We evaluated a pilot aquatic invasive species (AIS) early detection monitoring program in Lake Superior that was designed to detect newly introduced fishes. We established survey protocols for three major ports (Duluth-Superior, Sault Ste. Marie, Thunder Bay) and designed an adaptive cycle for routine evaluation of survey performance. Among the three ports, we found both similarities (species richness) and differences (introduced species detectability, species detection efficiency) with respect to AIS survey performance. Despite those differences, our analysis indicated potential for increasing detection efficiency at all three ports by exploiting differences in fish assemblages and sampling gears to increase rare species encounters. Using this information in the adaptive cycle, we demonstrate the ability to improve AIS detection efficiency. Our pilot monitoring program with its adaptive cycle of assessment, refinement, and implementation provides a performance-based approach to increase AIS detection efficiency over the course of a survey and within practical resource constraints.
Diseño de muestreo para la detección temprana de especies acuáticas invasivas en los puertos de los Grandes LagosSe evaluó un programa piloto de monitoreo para la detección temprana de especies acuáticas invasivas (EAI) en el lago Superior, mismo que fue diseñado para detectar peces recién introducidos. Se establecieron protocolos de muestreo en tres puertos importantes (Duluth-Superior, Sault Ste. Marie y Thunder Bay) y se diseñó un circuito adaptativo para evaluar de forma rutinaria el desempeño del muestreo. Con respecto al desempeño del EAI, se encontraron similitudes (riqueza de especies) y diferencias (capacidad de detección de especies introducidas y eficiencia en la detección de especies) entre los tres puertos. Pese a dichas diferencias, los análisis indicaron que existe potencial en los tres puertos para incrementar la eficiencia en la detección de especies si se aprovechan las diferencias entre ensambles ícticos y entre artes de pesca para el muestreo con el fin de incrementar el encuentro de especies raras. Al utilizar esta información en el circuito adaptativo, se corrobora la habilidad para mejorar la detección del EAI. Nuestro programa de monitoreo piloto, el circuito adaptativo de evaluación, su refinamiento e implementación representan un enfoque basado en el desempeño, cuyo objetivo es incrementar la eficiencia en la detección de EAI en el curso de un muestreo y con limitaciones realistas de recursos.
Modèle d'Échantillonnage pour la Détection Précoce des Espéces Aquatique Invasives aux Ports des Grands LacsNous avons évalué un programme pilote de surveillance de la détection précoce d'une espèce aquatique invasive (EAI) [Aquatic invasive species (AIS)] dans le Lac Supérieur, conçu pour détecter les poissons nouvellement introduits. Nous avons établis des protocoles de surveillance pour trois ports majeurs (Duluth-Superieur, Sault Ste. Marie, Thunder Bay), et créé un cycle adaptatif pour l'évaluation habituelle des ré...
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