Noradrenaline (NA) has been shown to influence astrocytic and vascular functions related to brain homeostasis, metabolism, local blood flow, and blood-brain barrier permeability. In the current study, we investigate the possible associations that exist between NA-immunoreactive nerve terminals and astrocytes and intraparenchymal blood vessels in the rat frontoparietal cortex, both at the light and electron microscopic levels. As a second step, we sought to determine whether the NA innervation around intracortical microvessels arises from peripheral or central structures by means of injections of N-(2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine) (DSP-4), a neurotoxin that specifically destroys NA neurons from the locus ceruleus. At the light microscopic level, 6.8% of all NA-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the frontoparietal cortex were associated with vascular walls, and this perivascular noradrenergic input, together with that of the cerebral cortex, almost completely disappeared after DSP-4 administration. When analyzed at the ultrastructural level in control rats, NA terminals in the neuropil had a mean surface area of 0.53 +/- 0.03 micron2 and were rarely junctional (synaptic incidence close to 7%). Perivascular terminals (located within a 3-micron perimeter from the vessel basal lamina) counted at the electron microscopic level represented 8.8% of the total NA terminals in the cortical tissue. They were smaller (0.29 +/- 0.01 micron2, P < 0.05) than their neuronal counterparts and were located, on average, 1.34 +/- 0.08 microns away from intracortical blood vessels, which consisted mostly of capillaries (65%). None of the perivascular NA terminals engaged in junctional contacts with surrounding neuronal or vascular elements. The primary targets of both neuronal and perivascular NA nerve terminals consisted of dendrites, nerve terminals, astrocytes, and axons, whereas in the immediate vicinity (0.25 micron or less) of the microvessels, astrocytic processes represented the major target. The results of the current study show that penetrating arteries and intracortical microvessels receive a central NA input, albeit parasynaptic in its interaction, originating from the locus ceruleus. Particularly, they point to frequent appositions between both neuronal and perivascular NA terminals and astroglial cells and their processes. Such NA neuronal-glial and neuronal-glial-vascular associations could be of significance in the regulation of local metabolic and vascular functions under normal and pathologic situations.
In this case study, we analyze the discourse, practices and representations of a group of scientists who issued public statements about the French shale gas controversy. The reasons they gave for engaging in this process of communication focused on their social responsibility, their collective ad hoc expertise and the neutrality of their position. We also investigated how these scientists actually produced their communications, despite the tensions between individual and collective positions. We discuss how this experience led them to reflect both individually and collectively on their representations of science in society.
En el curso de los últimos veinte años, las investigaciones acerca del cerebro han conocido un importante desarrollo del cual las instituciones de mediación científica se han hecho eco recientemente. El objeto de este artículo es interrogar la política de mediación museal de las neurociencias concernientes a las relaciones a los saberes científicos, proyectados en su dimensión social y cultural. Retuvimos una perspectiva didáctica socioconstructivista que presta una atención particular al estudio de las concepciones de los visitantes extendidas a sus prácticas sociales de referencia. Es por lo demás a la luz de los conocimientos que tenemos sobre las concepciones de los públicos potenciales que proponemos un análisis comparado de cuatro exposiciones recientes sobre el cerebro. En la diversidad de los discursos museales que tienen por objeto el cerebro, recogemos sin embargo, algunas constantes. En lo que concierne a los saberes científicos retenidos, se trata esencialmente, en una perspectiva neurosicológica que se afirma, conceptos de neuroplasticidad y de interacción entre el genoma y los factores del medio ambiente en la realización del fenotipo cerebral. La puesta en exposición de las neurociencias se presta igualmente al desadarrollo de discursos híbridos que mezclan (mezclando) ciencias y arte. Esta dimensión está particularmente ilustrada por la exponencial iconografía nacida de la imaginería cerebral. La afirmación de la perspectiva nueurosicológica se traduce a veces de manera muy reduccionista en los discursos analizados. Las concepciones de los visitantes potenciales, y su evolución, no aparecen claramente tomadas en consideración más que en lo que concierne el concepto de plasticidad cerebral. Por otra parte, salvo la excepción de un ejemplo de discurso antropológico reflexivo, las exposiciones retenidas no proponen discursos relativos a la dimensión social y cultural de las neurociencias proyectadas (considerada) en su perspectiva actual o histórica. Las exposiciones analizadas movilizan así un modelo lineal donde domina la transferencia de conocimientos que apunta a «colmar» los supuestos déficits de los visitantes. Señalamos igualmente que las cuestiones sociales levantadas actualmente por las neurociencias tanto como la importante permeabilidad de lo social a los modelos científicos históricamente desarrollados en torno al cerebro, no son, por decirlo de alguna manera, abordados.
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