turchEtti 34 , donatella bonaiuti 35 on behalf of italian consensus conference on robotics in neurorehabilitation (cicEronE)1 irccs centro neurolesi bonino-pulejo, Messina, italy; 2 department of Medicine and rehabilitation, polyclinic of Monza, Monzabrianza, italy; 3 spinal cord unit and intensive rehabilitation Medicine, ausl piacenza, Villanova sull'arda and castel san Giovanni, piacenza, italy; 4 Gait and Motion analysis laboratory opa sol et salus, torre pedrera, rimini, italy; 5 department of Experimental and clinical Medicine università politecnica delle Marche (uniVpM), ancona, italy; 6 spinal cord unit, department of rehabilitation Medicine, Gervasutta hospital, udine, italy; 7 azienda sanitaria universitaria friuli centrale (asu-fc), udine, italy; 8 neuromotor and rehabilitation department, laM-Motion analysis laboratory, ausl-irccs reggio Emilia, reggio Emilia, italy; 9 rehabilitation therapeutic center, tramutola, potenza, italy; 10 irccs a. Gemelli university polyclinic foundation, rome, italy; 11 section of neurorehabilitation, department of translational research and new technologies in Medicine and surgery, university of pisa, pisa, italy; 12 Montecatone rehabilitation institute, imola, bologna, italy; 13 unit of neurophysiopathology, ics Maugeri, Montescano institute, pavia, italy; 14 centro protesi Vigorso di budrio, istituto nazionale assicurazione infortuni sul lavoro (inail),

Patient’s satisfaction with device is an important clinical outcome in prosthetics and orthotics. The Client Satisfaction with Device (CSD) – one of the five modules of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey (OPUS) – has been defined as the only outcome measure specifically developed to measure user satisfaction with a prosthesis or an orthosis. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the CSD, summarizing the present evidence on this measure, and verifying if the scoring system is consistent in the literature. A systematic literature search was conducted utilizing PRISMA guidelines. Articles were searched in PubMed and Scopus databases using search terms relating to the psychometric properties of the CSD. Thirteen articles assessing the psychometric properties of the CSD met the inclusion criteria for this review. The CSD has been translated and validated in several languages. However, these versions are not consistent across the studies since they include different number of items, with different number of response options, and scoring systems. The CSD – where used in its eight-item version, rated with a four-point rating scale – can be judged as a tool with acceptable psychometric properties for assessing satisfaction with devices in prosthesis and orthosis users. This CSD version seems the best one for optimizing coverage and psychometric quality with the fewest number of items. Further studies are warranted to assess the degree of suitability of this scale in specific populations of users of prostheses or orthoses and to analyze its psychometric properties in further cultural contexts.

Several scales and tests have been demonstrated to be valid for assessing trunk performance in stroke. Some of these have already been refined by Rasch analysis to increase their psychometric characteristics. Further psychometric analysis of these tools in large and different samples is, however, still needed.

Background and aim Growing attention is being given to utilising physical function measures to better understand and manage knee osteoarthritis (OA). The Fremantle Knee Awareness Questionnaire (FreKAQ), a self-reported measure of body-perception specific to the knee, has never been validated in Italian patients. The aims of this study were to culturally adapt and validate the Italian version of the FreKAQ (FreKAQ-I), to allow for its use with Italian-speaking patients with painful knee OA. Methods The FreKAQ-I was developed by means of forward–backward translation, a final review by an expert committee and a test of the pre-final version to evaluate its comprehensibility. The psychometric testing included: internal structural validity by Rasch analysis; construct validity by assessing hypotheses of FreKAQ correlations with the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), a pain intensity numerical rating scale (PI-NRS), the pain catastrophising scale (PCS), and the Hospital anxiety and depression score (HADS) (Pearson’s correlations); known-group validity by evaluating the ability of FreKAQ scores to discriminate between two groups of participants with different clinical profiles (Mann–Whitney U test); reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC2.1); and measurement error by calculating the minimum detectable change (MDC). Results It took one month to develop a consensus-based version of the FreKAQ-I. The questionnaire was administered to 102 subjects with painful knee OA and was well accepted. Internal structural validity confirmed the substantial unidimensionality of the FreKAQ-I: variance explained was 53.3%, the unexplained variance in the first contrast showed an eigenvalue of 1.8, and no local dependence was detected. Construct validity was good as all of the hypotheses were met; correlations: KOOS (rho = 0.38–0.51), PI-NRS (rho = 0.35–0.37), PCS (rho = 0.47) and HADS (Anxiety rho = 0.36; Depression rho = 0.43). Regarding known-groups validity, FreKAQ scores were significantly different between groups of participants demonstrating high and low levels of pain intensity, pain catastrophising, anxiety, depression and the four KOOS subscales (p ≤ 0.004). Internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.74) and test–retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.92, CI 0.87–0.94). The MDC95 was 5.22 scale points. Conclusion The FreKAQ-I is unidimensional, reliable and valid in Italian patients with painful knee OA. Its use is recommended for clinical and research purposes.

Introduction: Stroke can result in various impairments that require multidisciplinary rehabilitation. For example, preserved cognitive executive functions predict motor recovery success. Despite knowing these links, the evaluation of executive function in hemiparesis patients remains underexplored. Here, we examined whether post-stroke individuals with upper limb hemiparesis (SI:HP) had cognitive inhibition deficits using a new immersive virtual reality (IVR) serious game . Methods: Twenty SI:HP with no known history of cognitive impairment and who were not undergoing any neuropsychological rehabilitation and twenty age-matched healthy control individuals (CI) were recruited. They performed the 6-level serious game requiring responses to spatial target presented amongst 11, 17 and 23 distractors with high versus low target-distractors saliency contrasts. Responses were made with less-effected hand for SI:HP group and dominant hand for CI. Response time (RT), and kinematic variables were measured. Results: The SI:HP group was slower and more variable than the CI group. All participants were slower and more variable when responding to the low compared to high target-distractors saliency conditions, and when responding to targets with increased numbers of distractors. A significant interaction between task saliency and distractor number showed slower and more variable responses with increased numbers of distractors in the low saliency condition, but not in the high saliency condition. Interactions involving group and saliency for RT and CV showed that SI:HP compared to CI group showed a greater differences in responses to low versus high saliency conditions. Conclusion: These results suggested that relative to the CI group, the SI:HP group showed cognitive inhibition impairments in the IVR serious game. As cognition plays a fundamental role in motor recovery, these results suggest a need for systematic cognitive screening of post-stroke patients. Trial registration http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT04694833, Date of registration: 11/24/2020