Total lipid percentage and fatty acid ratios in nuts from Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh (American), C satiua Mill (European), C mollissima B1 (Chinese) chestnuts and C pumila (L) Mill (chinkapin) were significantly different among all species and among individuals within species. Total lipids and fatty acids were greatest in American chestnuts followed by chinkapins, then European chestnuts, and lowest in Chinese chestnuts. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids comprised the fatty acid complement in all species. Free sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose) and the sugar-alcohol inositol did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) by species except in the European chestnuts where fructose and glucose were absent. Citric acid was present in all species except the European chestnuts. Malic acid was present in all species except in the American chestnuts. These results can be used to test nuts of new hybrids being bred for nut orchards and for wildlife mast production.

A stratified subsurface layer of acidic soil can develop in minimally disturbed soil such as no-till receiving injection of N fertilizer (e.g., anhydrous ammonia). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subsurface band treatments in alleviating soluble Al 3+ and Mn 2+

The durability of a potassium permanganate protective coating (passivation) on potentially acidic waste rock was examined for preventing acid generation. There is limited biological and physical data on the environmental impact and durability of passivation technology. The objective was to determine if exposure of passivated acid waste rock to repeated cycles of intensive root growth would affect coating stability. Passivated treatments were compared to limed waste rock in columns with and without plants. Passivation stability was determined by measuring the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), iron, and sulfate of drainage leachate and saturated paste extracts by the use of a hydrogen peroxide stability test. The treatments were kept at field capacity and were leached once a month with reverse osmosis (RO) water. The stability study showed 1) no root system effects on passivation stability: and 2) no difference in expression of potential acidity of waste rock between passivation and adding lime at the rate of 15% (by weight) to the waste rock.