This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and leukocyte rich PRP (LR-PRP) compared to horses undergoing controlled exercise alone in horses with >3 months proximal suspensory desmopathy in hindlimbs (HPSD). Nighty-three horses were divided into three groups according to the treatment: a control (n = 22), LR-PRP (n = 46), and BMAC (n = 25) group. Lameness and ultrasound scores were recorded before treatment (T0) and at 6 months (T1) post-treatment. Records horses considered sound at evaluation and level of performance were additionally registered at 12 months (T2) and 18 months (T3) after treatment. The BMAC cytology profiles from 22 horses were also analysed and compared to clinical outcomes. The results at T1 showed that 9% (2/22) of the horses in the control group were sound compared to 59% (25/46) and 84% (21/25) in the LR-PRP and BMAC groups, respectively. Additionally, ultrasound scores at T1 in the BMAC and LR-PRP groups were improved in comparison with the control group (p = 0.02). At T2, 68% of the horses in the BMAC group and 39% of the horses in the LR-PRP group had returned to the previous performance level. At T3, a significantly higher percentage of horses in the LR-PRP (43%) and BMAC (72%) group were sound when compared to the control (4.6%) group (p = 0.02). Similarly, at T3, significantly more horses of the BMAC (16/25) and of the LR-PRP (15/46) group had returned to the previous or a higher performance level compared to the control (1/22) group (p = 0.01). No correlation was found between long-term clinical outcome and cytology profiles in the BMAC group. In conclusion, long-term outcomes of treatment with LR-PRP or BMAC are significantly better than conventional treatment of the hindlimb chronic PSD in horses. Additionally, BMAC yielded better lameness scores than LR-PRP at short- and long-term follow-up.

The equine thyroid gland is a bilobed organ, which is located in the dorsolateral aspect of the third to sixth tracheal ring (Viana et al., 2019). The embryonic ultimobranchial body is an outpocketing of the fourth pharyngeal pouch that fuses with the thyroid diverticulum, giving rise to calcitonin-producing C-cells (David et al., 2008;Saulez et al., 2012). Cysts or cyst-like lesions in adult equine thyroid glands are quite uncommon (Østergaard et al., 2014). Clinically, these cysts emerge as a well-defined, fluctuating mass in the perilaryngeal region. The masses are not painful at palpation and their appearance is often similar to branchial apparatus anomalies, like remnant cysts, sinuses and fistulae (Østergaard et al., 2014;Slovis et al., 2006).The differential diagnoses of thyroid cyst include thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cyst, oesophageal and tracheal duplication cysts, and salivary mucocele (Kelmer et al., 2007). Consequently, the use of diagnostic imaging is crucial for an in-depth diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In the literature, pharyngeal endoscopy and ultrasound examination accompanied by plain or contrast radiography have been described in thyroid cystic masses in horses (Rinnovati et al., 2018). By using ultrasonography, a comparison of the size between the left and right thyroid lobe can be easily made (Viana et al., 2019). However, neither ultrasonography nor contrast radiography can identify the exact size of the cyst and more importantly, the relationship between the cyst and adjacent vital organs. For this reason, advanced imaging modalities are extremely useful in these cases, especially the use of standing computed tomography (Peters et al., 2003). Before surgical removal of one or both thyroid lobes, it is recommended to test the thyroid function. This can be achieved via measuring the serum thyroid hormone concentrations. However, the concentration of thyroid hormones have seasonal and diurnal variation, which may complicate the interpretation (Wallack et al., 2010). Technetium pertechnetate is an iodine analogue, so it is transported to the thyroid gland similarly to iodine (Iqbal & Rehman, 2020). That makes thyroid scintigraphy a suitable diagnostic method to assess the metabolic activity and the detection of functional disparity between the lobes of thyroid glands (Iqbal & Rehman, 2020). The presented report describes the diagnostic methodology of a thyroid cyst in a mature horse using ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and scintigraphy. The conservative management by sclerotherapy and positive long-term outcome 2 years' post treatment are reported.

A stallion zebra (Equus quagga boehmi) showed severe symptoms of acute colic. Clinical examination revealed a small intestinal mechanical obstruction. The surgical diagnosis was volvulus of 360° of the aboral part of the jejunum and the majority of the ileum. The ischemic segment was resectioned, and a side‐to‐side, hand‐sewn jejunocecostomy (JC) was performed. The recovery and postoperative periods passed without complications. The stallion zebra's 48‐month survival data recorded no colic incidence. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a successful resection and JC in a zebra. This case report describes the successful management of a small intestinal obstruction through a technically demanding surgical procedure and provides details about the postoperative treatment tailored to the animal's nature.