Aging stereotypes affect older adults’ behaviors, however, it is unclear whether and how (negative) aging stereotypes influence younger adults’ behaviors toward older adults. Two possibilities arose, such that aging stereotypes would reduce helping behaviors according to TMT and SIT; while based on the BIAS map, we would expect the opposite. The present study aimed to further compare the two possibilities by examining the effect of negative aging stereotypes on younger adults’ helping behaviors, and testing which theory would fit the data better. In a cross-sectional study (Study 1), 112 Chinese younger adults ( M = 22.67, SD = 2.56) were recruited. Aging stereotypes were measured by the Ambivalent Ageism Scale and the abbreviated ageism questionnaire. And their prosocial behaviors were measured by the modified third-party punishment task. The results revealed that high benevolent ageism would increase helping behaviors toward older adults. In the following experiment with aging stereotype priming (positive, neutral vs. negative) among 130 Chinese younger adults ( M = 26.82, SD = 3.70), we confirmed the influence of negative aging stereotypes on prosocial behaviors measured by both third-party punishment and Social Value Orientation tasks. Study 2 further demonstrated that pity might mediate the association between negative aging stereotypes and behaviors. Our results indicated that younger adults’ negative aging stereotypes could increase their prosociality toward older adults through pity in line with BIAS maps. It also had significant theoretical and practical implications for future research. For example, with more education and intergenerational contact in younger generation which could evoke pity feelings for older adults, could help to build harmonious intergenerational relations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04371-0.

Diffractive lenses (DLs) can realize high-resolution imaging with lightweight and compact size. Conventional DLs suffer from large chromatic and off-axis aberration, which significantly limits their practical application. Although many achromatic methods have been proposed, most of them are for small aperture DL and the diffraction efficiency is low. In the design of diffractive achromatic lenses, increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues. Here, a novel phase-coded diffractive lens (PCDL) for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally, which has wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging at the same time. The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type DL is coded with a cubic function to both expand the working bandwidth and FOV of conventional DL. Fabrication of the proposed phase-type DL was performed using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm, a focal length of 100 mm, and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π. Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL reach 50 nm and 16° with over 80% focusing efficiency, which are in significant contrast to the conventional DL and good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This work provides a novel way for achromatic, wide FOV, and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.

No abstract