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Since the mid 1990s, constructed wetlands have been increasingly used as a low‐energy ‘green’ technique, in the treatment of wastewater and stormwater, driven by the rising cost of fossil fuels and increasing concern about climate change. Among various applications of these wetlands, a significant area is the removal of nitrogenous pollutants to protect the water environment and to enable effective reclamation and reuse of the wastewater. This paper provides a review of the current state of nitrogen removal technology, focusing on existing types of wetlands, the mechanisms of nitrogen removal, major environmental factors relative to nitrogen removal, and the operation and management of the wetlands.

We report a dual functional sensing mechanism for ultrasensitive chemoresistive sensors based on SnO2-ZnO core-shell nanowires (C-S NWs) for detection of trace amounts of reducing gases. C-S NWs were synthesized by a two-step process, in which core SnO2 nanowires were first prepared by vapor-liquid-solid growth and ZnO shell layers were subsequently deposited by atomic layer deposition. The radial modulation of the electron-depleted shell layer was accomplished by controlling its thickness. The sensing capabilities of C-S NWs were investigated in terms of CO, which is a typical reducing gas. At an optimized shell thickness, C-S NWs showed the best CO sensing ability, which was quite superior to that of pure SnO2 nanowires without a shell. The dual functional sensing mechanism is proposed as the sensing mechanism in these nanowires and is based on the combination of the radial modulation effect of the electron-depleted shell and the electric field smearing effect.

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