NKD2 is frequently methylated in human esophageal cancer, and the expression of NKD2 is regulated by promoter region methylation. NKD2 suppresses esophageal cancer progression by inhibiting Wnt signaling both in vitro and in vivo.

To accurately and sensitively track the stator current of the induction motor (IM) and detect faults, stochastic resonance (SR) and Teager energy operator (TEO) are combined to detect the fault in the residual stator current of sliding mode observer (SMO) under strong noise interference and complex weak fault conditions. Firstly, a new approach law is constructed to establish an SMO for better state tracking. Secondly, SR is used to absorb noise and amplify the detection residual of the SMO, and the output results are estimated by TEO in the time domain to achieve fault detection. Finally, the detection results of IM stator and rotor winding faults and sensor intermittent faults are presented. The experimental results show that the SMO has higher state tracking accuracy and a faster rate of convergence. Moreover, the residual of stator current is processed by SR and TEO, and the effectiveness of fault detection is enhanced.

Background: Despite the use of surgery or chemoradiotherapy to treat, esophageal cancer, its prognosis still remains poor, with a 5-year survival below 15%. Recent insights into the epigenetic mechanisms associated with multi-step carcinogenesis provide new opportunities to develop novel effective targeted therapies for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2) was found frequently methylated in human breast cancer. The epigenetic changes and mechanisms of NKD2 in human esophageal cancer remain unclear. Methods: Nine esophageal cancer cell lines and 154 cases of primary esophageal cancer samples were analyzed using methylation specific PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blot, flow cytometry techniques and a xenograft mouse model. Results: Loss of NKD2 expression and complete methylation were found in KYSE150 and TE1 cells. Reduced expression and partial methylation were observed in KYSE30, KYSE70, KYSE410, KYSE140 and COLO680 cells. High level expression and unmethylation were detected in KYSE450 and TE8 cells. Re-expression of NKD2 was induced by 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine in NKD2 unexpressed or reduced cells. NKD2 was methylated in 53.2% (82/154) of human primary esophageal cancer samples, and promoter region hypermethylation was associated with reduced expression of NKD2 significantly (p<0.01). NKD2 methylation was associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (p<0.01). The results suggest that NKD2 is regulated by promoter region methylation and methylation of NKD2 may serve as a prognostic marker in esophageal cancer. Our further studies demonstrate that NKD2 suppresses cell proliferation, colony formation, cell invasion and migration, as well as induces G1/S check point arrest in esophageal cancer cells. NKD2 suppressed xenograft tumor growth and inhibited Wnt signaling in human esophageal cancer cells. Conclusions: NKD2 is frequently methylated in human esophageal cancer, and the expression of NKD2 is regulated by promoter region methylation. NKD2 suppresses esophageal cancer progression by inhibiting Wnt signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: Mingzhou Guo, Baoping Cao, Weili Yang, Yongshuai Jin, Meiying Zhang, Tao He, Qimin Zhan, James G. Herman, Guanglin Zhong. Silencing NKD2 by promoter region hypermethylation promotes esophageal cancer progression by activating Wnt signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4450.