Background The hallmark of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an absolute lack of insulin. However, many studies showed a tendency to heterogeneity in TID. We aimed to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics in T1D and the differences in young-onset and adult-onset patients. Methods This retrospective study was conducted among 1943 patients with clinically diagnosed T1D. Medical records on patients’ demographics, anthropometric measurements, and clinical manifestation were collected. According to the age at onset, the newly diagnosed patients were divided into the young-onset group (< 18 years, 234 patients, mean age 11 years) and adult-onset group (≥ 18 years, 219 patients, mean age 27 years). Pancreatic β-cell function was assessed by fasting C-peptide (FCP) and 2-h C-peptide (2-h CP). Results The median age of patients at disease onset was 22 years. The median duration of patients was 3 years. The overall median glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value was 10.3 % [89(mmol/mol)]. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 25.1 %. The overall rate of DKA at onset in the new-onset patients was 59.6 %. The frequency of overall dyslipidemia was 37.8 %. The most frequent dyslipidemia was low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) (29 %). The proportion of patients with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulin antibody (IAA) and islet cell antibody (ICA) were 28.1 %, 6.4 % and 21.6 %, respectively. The mean HbA1c showed a downward trend with age. Increasing or decreasing trends of overweight and obesity in this population during the period 2012 to 2018 was not found. Compared with young-onset T1D, adult-onset patients comprised better islet function (FCP: 0.4 vs. 0.3 ng/ml, P < 0.001; 2-h CP: 0.9 vs. 0.7 ng/ml P < 0.001, respectively) and glycemic control [12.9 % (117mmol/mol) vs. 11.7 % (104mmol/mol), P < 0.001], higher prevalence of diabetes condition in the male gender (64.4 % vs. 51.3 %, P = 0.006), higher proportion of obesity or overweight (24.6 % vs. 9.5 %, P = 0.002), higher frequency of GADA (33.7 % vs. 23.3 %, P = 0.025), and lower frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at disease onset (64.5 % vs. 43.5 %, P < 0.001). Conclusions This population was characterized by poor overall blood glucose control, high prevalence of DKA, dyslipidemia and diabetic retinopathy, and low prevalence of islet-related antibodies, and overweight or obesity. Adult-onset patients with T1D were not uncommon and had better clinical manifestations than young-onset patients. Any findings related to body mass index (BMI) and autoantibodies should be considered strictly exploratory due to excessive missing data.

Background: Child and adolescent overweight is becoming more prevalent in recent decades. It is imperative to investigate the determinants of children and adolescents’ weight outcomes. Methods: Through analyzing the 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011 waves of survey data released by China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this paper investigated the gender and rural-urban differences in terms of the ways in which parental feeding knowledge and practices affected the weight status of Chinese children and adolescents aged 6 to 17. Data were collected through random sampling strategy and logistic regression models were built to conduct analyses.Results: The results showed that feeding knowledge and practices varied by parental residence and were different among mothers and fathers. In addition, parental feeding knowledge, parental eating habits and styles, mother’s intervention on children’s food intakes and physical exercise, and the number of meals parents sharing with children showed significant effects on children and adolescents' weight status. Conclusions: As compared to fathers, mothers’ feeding practices showed more significant effects on children and adolescents’ weight status. The manner in which parental feeding practices influenced children and adolescents’ weight status also differed in rural and urban settings. These findings suggested that mothers were still “gatekeepers” of children and adolescents’ food choices and selection; their feeding practices played a more decisive role on Chinese youth’s weight status. The urban-rural differentials highlighted in this research also reminded us that the “one-fits-all” solutions to prevent youth’s obesity should be avoided.

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BackgroundThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the failure of islet cell. However, many studies showed a tendency to heterogeneity in TID. We aimed to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics in T1D and the differences in young-onset and adult-onset patients.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted among 1917 patients with T1D. Medical records on patients’ demographics, anthropometric measurements, and clinical manifestation were collected. According to the age at onset, it was divided into the young-onset group (<18 years, 234 patients, mean age 11 years) and adult-onset group (≥18 years, 219 patients, mean age 27 years). ResultsThe median age of patients at disease onset was 22 yd. The median duration of patients was 3 years. The overall median HbA1c value was 10.3%. Seventeen percent of patients were overweight or obesity. The frequency of overall dyslipidemia was 37.8%. The most frequent dyslipidemia was low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) (29%). The proportion of patients with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulin antibody (IAA) and islet cell antibody (ICA) were 28.0%, 6.4% and 21.6%, respectively. Compared with young-onset T1D, adult-onset patients comprised better islet function and glycemic control, higher prevalence of diabetes condition in the male gender (64.4% VS. 51.3%), higher proportion of obesity or overweight (24.6% VS. 9.5%), higher frequency of GADA (33.7% VS. 23.3%), and lower frequency of HDL (8.8% VS. 16.6%). Increasing or decreasing trends of overweight and obesity in this population during the period 2012 to 2018 was not found.ConclusionThis population was characterized by poor overall blood glucose control, high prevalence of dyslipidemia and low prevalence of GADA, IAA, ICA. Adult-onset patients with T1D are not uncommon and have better clinical manifestations than young-onset patients.