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Although we can use misorientation angle to distinguish the grain boundaries that can carry high critical current density in high temperature superconductors (HTS) from those that cannot, there is no established normal state property equivalent. In this paper, we explore the superconducting and normal state properties of the grains and grain boundaries of polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) using complementary magnetisation and transport measurements, and calculate how resistive grain boundaries must be to limit in polycrystalline superconductors. The average resistivity of the grain boundaries, in our micro- and nanocrystalline YBCO are 0.12 Ωm and 8.2 Ωm, values which are much higher than that of the grains and leads to huge values of 2 × 103 and 1.6 × 105 respectively. We find that the grain boundaries in our polycrystalline YBCO are sufficiently resistive that we can expect the transport to be several tens of orders of magnitude below the potential current density of the grains in our YBCO samples, as is found experimentally. Calculations presented show that increasing values by ∼2 orders of magnitude in high fields is still possible in all state-of-the-art technological high-field superconductors. We conclude: grain boundary engineering is unlikely to improve sufficiently in randomly aligned polycrystalline YBCO, to make it technologically useful for high-field applications; in low temperature superconducting intermetallics, such as Nb3Sn, large increases in may be achieved by completely removing the grain boundaries from these materials and, as is the case for thin films of Nb, Ba(FeCo)2As2 and HTS materials, by incorporating additional artificial pinning.

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Rare earth (RE) elements are promising to improve the property of catalysts due to their distinctive 4 f electron orbital. Herein, a heterogeneous material of FeÀ NiS nanorods encapsulated in Ce-doped NiO x with 3D core-shell structure (FeÀ NiS@NiCeO x ) was constructed on carbon cloth (CC) through a straightforward solvothermal reaction and a subsequent electrodeposition for enhancing the electrocatalytic performance towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline medium. The strategy facilitates a synergy among the components, including an enlarged electrochemical active area of FeÀ NiS by the involvement of Fe and an ameliorated durability of FeÀ NiS nanorod by encapsulated in NiCeO x shell. Furthermore, a flexible valence alternation between Ce (III) and Ce (IV) speeds up the charges transfer between Ni(II) and Ni(III). In 1.0 mol L À 1 KOH, the FeÀ NiS@NiCeO x /CC electrode shows the lowest overpotential of 230 mV to achieve the current density of 50 mA cm À 2 , the smallest Tafel slope of 63 mV dec À 1 and a superior durability with only a potential fluctuation of 0.01 V on a chronopotentiometry curve within 24 h. Further research suggests that FeÀ NiS@NiCeO x /CC exhibits the best performance of the three as-fabricated FeÀ NiS@NiREO x /CC (RE = Ce, La, Pr) catalysts.