Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the increasingly serious public health concerns worldwide; the global burden of CKD is increasingly due to high morbidity and mortality. At present, there are three key problems in the clinical treatment and management of CKD. First, the current diagnostic indicators, such as proteinuria and serum creatinine, are greatly interfered by the physiological conditions of patients, and the changes in the indicator level are not synchronized with renal damage. Second, the established diagnosis of suspected CKD still depends on biopsy, which is not suitable for contraindication patients, is also traumatic, and is not sensitive to early progression. Finally, the prognosis of CKD is affected by many factors; hence, it is ineviatble to develop effective biomarkers to predict CKD prognosis and improve the prognosis through early intervention. Accurate progression monitoring and prognosis improvement of CKD are extremely significant for improving the clinical treatment and management of CKD and reducing the social burden. Therefore, biomarkers reported in recent years, which could play important roles in accurate progression monitoring and prognosis improvement of CKD, were concluded and highlighted in this review article that aims to provide a reference for both the construction of CKD precision therapy system and the pharmaceutical research and development.

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Recently, it has been demonstrated that the use of SnO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite (PSK) solar cells (PSCs) yields high efficiency, which is comparable to that of the TiO2 layer with the same structure. At the same time, the SnO2-based PSCs show improved stability. Herein, the defects at the device interface are reduced and the efficiency of the planar PSCs is enhanced by improving the interface contact between the ETL and the perovskite (PSK) layer. As an essential amino acid, tyrosine (Tyr) is introduced into SnO2 to fill the oxygen vacancies in SnO2 films and improve the nucleation of PSK. From our analysis, it was found that the interface contact between the SnO2 ETL and the PSK layer was increased and the defects at the interface were reduced. In addition, it was demonstrated that the introduction of Tyr could effectively suppress the charge recombination and improve the electron extraction efficiency. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.17% was obtained from Tyr modified PSCs, owing to the enhanced PSK film quality and carrier extraction efficiency. On top of that, the Tyr-modified device still maintained 87% of the initial recorded PCE, which was stored in the ambient air (25 °C, 25%  ±  5% RH) for 864 h without encapsulation.