Interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy (IMPT) is a biopsychosocial treatment approach for patients with chronic pain that comprises at least psychological and physiotherapeutic interventions. Core outcome sets (COSs) are currently developed in different medical fields to standardize and improve the selection of outcome domains, and measurement instruments in clinical trials, to make trial results meaningful, to pool trial results, and to allow indirect comparison between interventions. The objective of this study was to develop a COS of patient-relevant outcome domains for chronic pain in IMPT clinical trials. An international, multiprofessional panel (patient representatives [n = 5], physicians specialized in pain medicine [n = 5], physiotherapists [n = 5], clinical psychologists [n = 5], and methodological researchers [n = 5]) was recruited for a 3-stage consensus study, which consisted of a mixed-method approach comprising an exploratory systematic review, a preparing online survey to identify important outcome domains, a face-to-face consensus meeting to agree on COS domains, and a second online survey (Delphi) establishing agreement on definitions for the domains included. The panel agreed on the following 8 domains to be included into the COS for IMPT: pain intensity, pain frequency, physical activity, emotional wellbeing, satisfaction with social roles and activities, productivity (paid and unpaid, at home and at work, inclusive presentism and absenteeism), health-related quality of life, and patient's perception of treatment goal achievement. The complexity of chronic pain in a biopsychosocial context is reflected in the current recommendation and includes physical, mental, and social outcomes. In a subsequent step, measurement instruments will be identified via systematic reviews.

The derivation of somatic cell types from pluripotent and self-renewing embryonic stem (ES) cells offers attractive prospects for basic research, compound development, and regenerative medicine. A key prerequisite for biomedical applications of ES cells is the ability to differentiate and isolate defined somatic cell populations at high purity. In this study, we explore the potential of the Talpha1- enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgene and polysialic acid (PSA)-neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) as lineage selection markers for the derivation of ES cell-derived neurons. Upon controlled in vitro differentiation, ES cells engineered to express EGFP under control of the Talpha1-tubulin promoter exhibited exclusive transgene expression in neurons. Similarly, PSA-NCAM expression during the early stages of ES cell differentiation was restricted to neuronal progeny. Talpha1- EGFP- and PSA-NCAM-positive neurons comprised both inhibitory and excitatory phenotypes. Compared to Talpha1-EGFP, the expression of PSA-NCAM was initiated at slightly earlier stages of neural differentiation. FACSorting of Talpha1-EGFP-positive cells and immunopanning of PSA-NCAMexpressing cells yielded neuronal populations at purities up to 99.6% and 96.9%, respectively. These findings depict Talpha1-EGFP and PSA-NCAM as suitable markers for high-purity selection of early ES cell-derived neurons.

Purpose of Review Headaches are not only responsible for restrictions in everyday life in adults. In children and adolescents, regular headaches lead also to reduced life quality and limitations in the social sphere, in school education, and in professional careers. Here, we provide an overview on the frequency of headache in children and adolescents with the aim of increasing awareness about this particular health issue. Recent Findings Overall, headache prevalence in children and adolescents has been increasing in recent years. From various regions worldwide, data describing headache, its forms, and consequences are growing. In addition, factors frequently correlated with headache are repeatedly investigated and named: besides genetic factors, psychosocial and behavioral factors are linked to the prevalence of headache. Summary Increasing evidence indicates that headache is underestimated as a common disorder in children and adolescents. Accordingly, too little emphasis is placed by society on its prevention and treatment. Thus, the extent of the social and health economic burden of frequent headaches in children and adolescents needs to be better illustrated, worldwide. Furthermore, the data collected in this review should support the efforts to improve outpatient therapy paths for young headache patients. Factors correlating with headache in pupils can draw our attention to unmet needs of these patients and allow physicians to derive important therapy contents from this data.