Mice homozygous for the F759 mutation in the gp130 interleukin (IL)-6 receptor subunit have enhanced gp130-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 activation and spontaneously developed a lymphocyte-mediated rheumatoid arthritis-like joint disease. Here, we show that the development of the disease is dependent on both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II–restricted CD4+ T cells and IL-6 family cytokines. In spite of the necessity for CD4+ T cells, the gp130 mutation was only required in nonhemtopoietic cells for the disease. The gp130 mutation resulted in enhanced production of IL-7. Conditional knockout of STAT3 in nonlymphoid cells showed that the enhancement of IL-7 production was dependent on STAT3 activation by IL-6 family cytokines. Homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T cells was enhanced in gp130 mutant mice and acceleration of homeostatic proliferation enhanced the disease, whereas the inhibition of homeostatic proliferation suppressed the disease. Anti–IL-7 antibody treatment inhibited not only the enhanced homeostatic proliferation, but also the disease in gp130 mutant mice. Thus, our results show that autoimmune disease in gp130 mutant mice is caused by increased homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T cells, which is due to elevated production of IL-7 by nonhematopoietic cells as a result of IL-6 family cytokine-gp130-STAT3 signaling.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal chronic inflammatory disease, and is related to imbalance of CD4 þ T subsets. However, the current treatments of chronic colitis are not ideal and have potential side effects. Therefore, more effective and safer biologically active substances which are extracted from natural plants have been widely concerned. In this study, it was found that Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOP), the main bioactive constituent of Inonotus obliquus, can alleviate dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic murine intestinal inflammation. Oral administration of IOP (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) can significantly reduce the disease active index and alleviate the pathological changes in colitis mice, where the tight junction proteins Occludin and ZO-1 losses in colon tissues were reduced. It can also regulate imbalanced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg in colon tissues, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen using Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction detection and flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assays further revealed the modulatory effect of IOP on the p-STAT1, p-STAT6, p-STAT3 expression, which promoted the balance of Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg in the colon of chronic colitis mice. In short, these results indicated that IOP was potentially effective therapeutic agent for IBD.

The homeostasis of memory CD8+ T cells is regulated by cytokines. IL-15 is shown to promote the proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells, while IL-2 suppresses their division in vivo. This inhibitory effect of IL-2 appears to occur indirectly, through other cell populations including CD25+CD4+ T cells; however, the details of this mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we show that 1) both Ag-experienced and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells divided after the depletion of IL-2 in vivo; 2) this division occurred normally and CD44highIL-2/15Rβhigh CD8+ T cells generated after IL-2 depletion in IL-15 knockout (KO) and in IL-7-depleted IL-15 KO mice; 3) surprisingly, the blockade of IL-2/15Rβ signaling in IL-2-depleted IL-15 KO mice completely abolished the division of memory CD8+ T cells, although the only cytokines known to act through IL-2/15Rβ are IL-2 and IL-15; and 4) the expression of IL-2/15Rβ molecules on memory CD8+ T cells was required for their division induced by IL-2 depletion. These results demonstrate that the depletion of IL-2 in vivo induced memory CD8+ T cell division by an IL-15-independent but by an IL-2/15Rβ-dependent mechanism, suggesting the existence of a novel IL-2/15Rβ-utilizing cytokine that acts directly on memory CD8+ T cells to promote cell division.

In vivo sampling of interstitial fluid using microdialysis (MD) fibers has become a standard and accepted procedure. The resulting small volume samples, often with low concentrations of the analyte of interest, present a particular challenge to analytical methods. Rapid developments of analytical techniques with high sensitivity accelerate their combination with MD. On-line MD-based analytical systems are receiving increasing attention because they can provide near real-time data prior to the off-line system. The purpose of this review is to provide information for on-line MD-analytical systems. Special emphasis has been given to the main progression on methodologies of each method during recent years. The advantages, limitations, and adaptivity are also discussed. These methods include on-line MD-liquid chromatography, on-line MD-capillary electrophoresis, on-line MD-mass spectrometry, and on-line MD-biosensor.

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world,and the identification of biomarkers for the early detection is a relevant target. The purpose of the study is to discover specific low molecular weight (LMW) serum peptidome biomarkers and establish a diagnostic pattern for HCC.MethodsWe undertook this pilot study using a combined application of magnetic beads with Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique and ClinPro Tools v2.2 to detect 32 patients with HCC, 16 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 16 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 16 healthy volunteers.ResultsThe results showed 49, 33 and 37 differential peptide peaks respectively appeared in HCC, LC and CH groups. A Supervised Neural Network (SNN) algorithm was used to set up the classification model. Eleven of the identified peaks at m/z 5247.62, 7637.05, 1450.87, 4054.21, 1073.37, 3883.64, 5064.37, 4644.96, 5805.51, 1866.47 and 6579.6 were used to construct the peptides patterns. According to the model, we could clearly distinguish between HCC patients and healthy controls as well as between LC or CH patients and healthy controls.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that a combined application of magnetic beads with MALDI-TOF MB technique was suitable for identification of potential serum biomarkers for HCC and it is a promising way to establish a diagnostic pattern.Virtual slidesThe virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1503629821958720.