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Three cruises were carried out in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) in the neap tide in October 2002 (fall) and in both neap and spring tides in May 2003 (spring) to understand the relative importance of external nutrient inputs versus physical transport and internal biogeochemical processes. Nutrients (NO À 3 , NO À 2 , NH þ 4 , PO 3À 4 , silicic acid, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP)) were measured. The concentrations of nutrients were higher in the northern part than in the southern part. High concentrations of NH þ 4 and DON in JZB demonstrated the anthropogenic input. Ambient nutrient ratios indicated that the potential limiting nutrients for phytoplankton growth were silicon, and then phosphorus. Nutrients showed an obvious tidal effect with low values at flood tide and high values at ebb tide. Nutrient elements were transported into JZB in the north and output in the south (i.e., into the Yellow Sea), which varied with season, tidal cycle and investigation sites. Water exchange between JZB and the Yellow Sea exports NO À 3 , NH þ 4 and DON out of JZB, while it inputs PO 3À 4 , silicic acid and DOP into JZB. Nutrient budgets demonstrate that riverine input and wastewater discharge are major sources of nutrients, while residual flow is of minor importance in JZB ecosystem. JZB is a sink for the nutrient elements we studied except for DON. Stoichiometric calculations demonstrate that JZB is a net autotrophic system.

In this study, a 35-μm-thick copper sub-micron paste (particle diameter of 700 - 900 nm) was printed on an alumina substrate, and then sintered by conventional heating treatment and by atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) treatment, respectively. Surface micro-structures of the printed films sintered by both methods were observed by SEM. As a result, copper sub-micron particles were successfully sintered at a relatively low temperature by APP treatment. Through the SEM micrographs we suppose that the sintering processes by both methods are quite different.