This article aimed to analyze, exclusively from the point of view of Law, whether or not the judicial precedents from the Brazilian higher courts are sufficient to deal with the problems related to the use of class actions for a writ of mandamus concerning tax matters. Faced with a negative answer, the authors sought a multidisciplinary approach and found in Political Philosophy elements to broaden the debate and find more robust solutions to the problems presented. The first part of this analysis focuses on the Brazilian Supreme Court of Justice, which prescribes that lawsuits for a writ of mandamus seeking to assert the right of the taxpayer to tax offset must be filed together with prima facie evidence that the taxpayer is entitled to receive a tax credit, although the credit amount itself is not discussed at this stage of the lawsuit. Then, our research turned to the analysis of whether or not the content of these precedents is compatible with the specificities of class actions claiming several rights affected by a common question of law. To do so, we looked into the nature of trade associations and entities’ extraordinary standing to sue by substitution, which is inherent to class actions for a writ of mandamus, and the need for the common aspects of the dispute to prevail over its individual aspects. Otherwise, the collective relief granted in such class actions would be ineffective. The methodology used was analytical, comparing general objectives (indicated by Political Philosophy) and specific objectives of the legal system (related to Law) with statues, jurisprudence and, mainly, precedents related to the theme. The conclusion of this analytical study between Law and Political Philosophy is that the limitations imposed by the judicial precedents from the Brazilian higher courts are not compatible with class actions for a writ of mandamus.
Este artigo pretende analisar o direito de acesso à justiça sob o ponto de vista do Neoconstitucionalismo, utilizando como pano de fundo a tutela de interesses tributários. Para tanto, será feita uma breve análise da evolução do pensamento jurídico ao longo do tempo, a fim de situar os eventos que levaram ao desenvolvimento do Neoconstitucionalismo para, então, expor, de forma sucinta, as bases e objetivos desta escola que, dentre outras coisas, exige que os princípios constitucionais sejam interpretados e aplicados com a máxima eficácia possível, a fim de garantir a aplicação dos direitos humanos. A fim de dar concretude à exposição deste pensamento, analisar-se-á, sob sua ótica, o princípio constitucional do direito de acesso à justiça, utilizando como pano de fundo situações que envolvem a tutela de interesses tributários. Esta análise levará à conclusão de que, ao contrário do que se dá em outras áreas do direito, o acesso à justiça para a tutela de interesses tributários não é aplicado com a eficácia que seria devida, exigida pela atual fase do desenvolvimento jurídico, conforme é explicada pelo Neoconstitucionalismo.
Resumo: O presente artigo visou analisar se a Fazenda Pública sucumbente deve ser condenada a ressarcir ao executado vencedor as despesas que este teve com a contratação e manutenção de seguro-garantia ou fiança bancária em execução fiscal. Para tanto, mediante pesquisa jurisprudencial, buscou-se identificar não só quais as normas de direito positivo aplicáveis ao tema, mas, principalmente, como essas normas vêm sendo interpretadas e aplicadas pelo Poder Judiciário, bem como quais são os argumentos jurídicos que vêm sendo apresentados pelos contribuintes e pelas Fazenda Públicas em sua defesa. A partir do resultado dessa pesquisa, que demonstrou que o argumento central da discussão é se a contratação dessas garantias é ou não uma liberalidade do executado, o artigo buscou analisá-lo mediante interpretação sistemática do direito positivo, bem como em elementos da filosofia do direito. A conclusão dessa análise foi a de que a despeito de a contratação dessas espécies de garantia ser uma liberalidade do contribuinte, ela deve ser objeto de ressarcimento por parte da Fazenda Pública sucumbente.Palavras-chave: Execução fiscal. Despesas processuais. Seguro-garantia. Fiança bancária. Reembolso. Abstract: This article aimed to analyze if the taxpayer who wins a tax execution procedure has the right to be reimbursed by the tax authorities of the expenses with insurance or bank guarantees made to guarantee the lawsuit. The first step of this analysis was a research on precedents, whose result have shown not only the rules applicable to the case but, mainly, how these rules are being interpreted and applied by the Brazilian Courts and which are the main arguments used by the taxpayers and by the tax authorities. The conclusion of this research was that the main point of doubt is whether these expenses are at the taxpayer will or not, considering that there are other ways to guarantee the tax execution procedures, such as the cash deposit of the values being disputed in an official bank account or the attachment of any other of the taxpayer goods. Therefore, the article analyzed the matter from a systematic interpretation of the rules in the Tax Execution Procedure Law, the Civil Procedure Law and considering elements of philosophy of law. The conclusion of this study was that although the hiring of insurance or bank guarantee is a choice of the taxpayer, it shall be reimbursed by the tax authorities in case they lose a tax execution procedure.Keywords: Tax execution procedure. Legal costs. Insurance or bank guarantee. Reimburse.
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