Temperature and water deficit stresses cause large year-to-year yield variability, and matching crop phenology with periods less prone to stresses can improve yield stability. We used 30 years of daily weather data from 69 stations in the U.S. Great Plains to quantify the risk of water deficit and temperature stresses for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in maturity, and to evaluate whether the selected variables explained variability in yield and area abandonment. Crop phenology was estimated using a simple temperature-based model based on 282 field observations. A difference between the 15-d running sums of reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) and precipitation greater than 40% of the soil's available water holding capacity (AWHC) determined atmospheric water deficit (AWD). Heat and freeze stresses occurred when maximum temperatures >27 • C and minimum temperatures <0 • C occurred around heading. Probabilities of AWD in the spring was greater in the west and in the south; however, latitudinal AWD gradients dissipated when crop maturity was considered.The day of year (DOY) for last freeze increased from south to north and from east to west; and the DOY for onset of heat stress increased from south to north but did not follow a longitudinal gradient. Early maturing varieties avoided heat and AWD stresses during heading but were more likely to experience freezing conditions. Regional yield decreased and area abandonment increased with early onset of spring AWD and heat stresses. This conceptual framework for evaluating the risk of environmental stresses can be applied to other regions and cropping systems.
2132wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/agj2 Agronomy Journal. 2020;112:2132-2151.
RESUMO A podridão de fusarium da espiga, causada pelo fungo Fusarium verticillioides, é uma das principais doenças do milho pipoca (Zea mays) no Brasil e, além da redução da produtividade, a ação do patógeno também resulta na contaminação dos grãos por micotoxinas do grupo das fumonisinas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resistência de genótipos de pipoca em relação a podridão de fusarium na espiga e ao acúmulo de fumonisinas nos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo com delineamento em blocos casualizados. A inoculação do patógeno da espiga foi artificial. Dentre os 22 genótipos avaliados, que incluíram 16 linhagens progenitoras e 6 variedades, verificaram-se diferenças significativas (p = 0,05) em relação aos níveis de podridão de fusarium e à acumulação de fumonisinas B1, B2 e B3 nos grãos. A correlação de Spearman entre essas variáveis foi positiva, mas os coeficientes de correlação foram baixos (r = 0,53; p < 0,0002), mostrando que para este grupo de genótipos a quantificação da podridão de fusarium na espiga tem pouco valor preditivo em relação ao teor de fumonisinas nos grãos. Acredita-se que estas informações são úteis para programas de melhoramento de milho pipoca no Brasil.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.