4D ultrafast ultrasound imaging was recently shown using a 2D matrix (i.e. fully populated) connected to a 1024-channel ultrafast ultrasound scanner. In this study, we investigate the row-column addressing (RCA) matrix approach, which allows a reduction of independent channels from N  ×  N to N  +  N, with a dedicated beamforming strategy for ultrafast ultrasound imaging based on the coherent compounding of orthogonal plane wave (OPW). OPW is based on coherent compounding of plane wave transmissions in one direction with receive beamforming along the orthogonal direction and its orthogonal companion sequence. Such coherent recombination of complementary orthogonal sequences leads to the virtual transmit focusing in both directions which results into a final isotropic point spread function (PSF). In this study, a 32  ×  32 2D matrix array probe (1024 channels), centered at 5 MHz was considered. An RCA array, of same footprint with 32  +  32 elements (64 channels), was emulated by summing the elements either along a line or a column in software prior to beamforming. This approach allowed for the direct comparison of the 32  +  32 RCA scheme to the optimal fully sampled 32  ×  32 2D matrix configuration, which served as the gold standard. This approach was first studied through PSF simulations and then validated experimentally on a phantom consisting of anechoic cysts and echogenic wires. The contrast-to-noise ratio and the lateral resolution of the RCA approach were found to be approximately equal to half (in decibel) and twice the values, respectively, obtained when using the 2D matrix approach. Results in a Doppler phantom and the human humeral artery in vivo confirmed that ultrafast Doppler imaging can be achieved with reduced performances when compared against the equivalent 2D matrix. Volumetric anatomic Doppler rendering and voxel-based pulsed Doppler quantification are presented as well. OPW compound imaging using emulated RCA matrix can achieve a power Doppler with sufficient contrast to recover the vein shape and provides an accurate Doppler spectrum.

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Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrafast ultrasound imaging was recently proposed to image and quantify blood flow with high sensitivity in 3D as well as anatomical, mechanical or functional information. In 4D Ultrafast imaging, coherent compounding of tilted planes waves emitted by a 2D matrix array were used to image the medium at high volume rate. 4D ultrafast imaging, however, requires a high channel count (>1000) to drive those probes. Alternative approaches have been proposed and investigated to efficiently reduce the density of elements, such as sparse or under-sampled arrays while maintaining a decent image quality and high volume rate. The row–columns configuration presents the advantage of keeping a large active surface with a low amount of elements and a simple geometry. In this study, we investigate the row and column addressed (RCA) approach with the orthogonal plane wave (OPW) compounding strategy using real hardware limitations. We designed and built a large 7 MHz 128  +  128 probe dedicated to vascular imaging and connected to a 256-channel scanner to implement the OPW imaging scheme. Using this strategy, we demonstrate that 4D ultrafast Power Doppler imaging of a large volume of up to depth, both in vitro on flow phantoms and in vivo on the carotid artery of a healthy volunteer at a volume rate of 834 Hz.

In this work, we report on the characterization of a CMUT probe (Capactive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer) for Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI). The intrinsic nonlinear behavior of the CMUT probe was first investigated. Matched electrical waveforms were transmitted to limit the impact of the transmit response distortion. With the implemented method, we demonstrated higher performances through in-vitro harmonic imaging.

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