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LoRa-E is a new physical layer developed by Semtech to increase the capacity of LoRaWAN in dense and congested deployments. It has also been designed to address extremely long-range and large-scale communication scenarios with a focus on reaching gateway devices installed on satellites. Thanks to its design principles, it finely manages packet transmission, enabling Quality-of-Service policies on a per-packet basis. The core of LoRa-E is a Fast Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Modulation (FHSS) that uses frequency hopping sequences in which ∼50 ms fragments are transmitted. Given the notorious adoption of LoRaWAN in the IoT application landscape, this article is a reference for understanding how exactly LoRa-E works, what performance it offers, and what its limitations are.

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The increasing development of the automotive industry towards a fully autonomous car has motivated the design of new value-added services in Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs). Within the context of VSNs, the autonomous car, with an increasing number of on-board sensors, is a mobile node that exchanges sensed and state information within the VSN. Among all the value added services for VSNs, the design of new intelligent parking management architectures where the autonomous car will coexist with traditional cars is mandatory in order to profit from all the opportunities associated with the increasing intelligence of the new generation of cars. In this work, we design a new smart parking system on top of a VSN that takes into account the heterogeneity of cars and provides guidance to the best parking place for the autonomous car based on a collaborative approach that searches for the common good of all of them measured by the accessibility rate, which is the ratio of the free parking places accessible for an autonomous car. Then, we simulate a real parking lot and the results show that the performance of our system is close to the optimum considering different communication ranges and penetration rates for the autonomous car.

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