El siguiente artículo analiza las dinámicas y condiciones migratorias instaladas por la pandemia del COVID-19 en Costa Rica durante el 2020. Se examina la opinión pública e impacto de las políticas migratorias restrictivas sobre los flujos migratorios en tránsito Sur-Norte.  Se aborda la transformación político-social de las fronteras y dispositivos de control, con el fin de explicar las formas de selectividad migratoria instaladas en este contexto.  Se concluye que las medidas adoptadas han tenido un gran impacto en los flujos migratorios en tránsito, redefiniendo a la política migratoria por criterios selectividad y externalización.

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An outstanding characteristic of human tool use is its systematicity. We create and use tools for a vast variety of very specific purposes. Function representation, that is the capability to form stable function attributions to objects, is one of the main cognitive bases of human tool use. For some authors, the primary way this capability supports our propensity to create and use tools is by modulating the employment of causal reasoning. This is generally illustrated by alluding to the phenomenon known as functional fixedness, where knowing the typical use of an object makes it hard to conceive of alternative ways it could be put to use to solve problems. Previous research has shown that this phenomenon emerges during childhood. The studies presented in this thesis tested the hypothesis that function representation can also affect children's causal reasoning when judging the functionality of tools used in ineffective (but typical) ways. At the same time, these studies sought to shed light on the role of the conventionality and designer intentions on children's conceptual representations of artefacts. Chapter 2 presents the results of a study with 4 to 5 year old children who were presented with stories about a tool that could be used in two equally plausible ways. One critical function was presented as conventional (i.e., everybody used the tool that way) or designed (i.e., the tool was made for that purpose), while the alternate was presented as a possible function. Subsequently in the story, a character attempted to use the tool for the critical function, resulting in either malfunction or successful tool use. Participants were then asked to choose one of the functions as the real function of the tool. In the case of successful tool use, participants preferred the conventional and design functions to the alternative. Compared to a baseline condition that described both functions but gave no information about conventionality or design, participants chose the function involved in the malfunction episode as the real function of the tool more often when it was conventional, but not when it was a design function. This suggests that presenting information about a tool's conventional use constrained children's causal assessments of ineffective tool use in this age group. Chapter 3 presents the results of a study with 6-to 8-year-old children. This study used the same procedure than the one presented in Chapter 2 save that it included an additional condition. In this condition one of the functions was presented as conventional and the alternative as designed while there was not a malfunction episode. As in Chapter 2, when the tool was used successfully participants preferred the conventional and design functions to the alternative. In the baseline condition children eschewed the function that resulted in malfunction. When the function involved in the malfunction episode was conventional or designed, participants' choices were at chance. This suggests that presenting information about social conventions and designer in...

A partir de la década de los noventas se multiplican los esfuerzos gubernamentales para dinamizar la economía en El Salvador, fomentando, entre otras líneas, el emprendedurismo. Esta investigación es un estudio a nivel nacional del comportamiento del emprendedor salvadoreño, basado en teorías psicológicas y económicas. Esta investigación obtuvo el VI Premio de Estudios Iberoamericanos "Grupo de Universidades La Rábida" en el Área de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas (2011).

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