This work presents the pathology description, isolation and identification of canine herpesvirus (CHV-1) in Mexico, a virus that causes a generalized hemorrhagic infection in puppies from the canidae family. Methods: Isolates were obtained from puppies that died within the first four weeks of life and had lesions consistent with canine herpesvirus. Results: The main gross lesions were petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in kidneys, liver and lungs; proliferative interstitial nephritis; multifocal necrosis in liver and kidneys; and encephalitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Herpesvirus was confirmed through direct immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction for DNA polymerase and glycoprotein B genes. Discussion: Eight strains were isolated and identified as canine herpesvirus corresponding to three of the working cases with gross and microscopic lesions very similar to those described in the literature; then, isolates were confirmed by PCR gene amplification, positive reactions on immunofluorescence and observations from electron microscopy. This work represents the first report of this disease, including gross and histological lesions, and confirmation by isolation and identification of the canine herpesvirus in Mexico.

Canine herpesvirus (CHV-1) causes disease associated with high mortality in infected puppies, which represents large financial losses for dog breeders. Since CHV-1 at the time of the study he had not been reported in Mexico, the main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies against CHV-1 in canine kennels in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used, and the results were compared to those of a viral neutralization test. The ELISA kit uses the complete viral particle as the antigen. The plaque reduction neutralization test was combined with the immunoperoxidase technique because of the low cytopathic effect of CHV-1. Neutralizing antibodies were also detected in 20 randomly selected samples. The prevalence of CHV-1 with ELISA was 87%. The concordance between ELISA and serum neutralization (SN) was 0.1129, the sensitivity of the ELISA against SN was 1.0 (100%), the positive predictive value was 0.39 (39%), and the negative predictive value was 1 (100%). These results show that ELISA is useful for monitoring the dog population for CHV-1; a positive test result requires confirmation with an SN test, and a negative ELISA result indicates a high probability of being SN-negative. The only variables that were statistically associated with CHV-1 prevalence were breed and kennel. A statistically significant relationship between the degree of ELISA and SN titer was obtained, with a confidence level of 95%. None of the clinical presentation factors was statistically significant. These results suggest that most of the canine population studied in Mexico is in a herpesvirus latency state.

El aislamiento y la identificación del virus del herpes en toninas (Tursiops truncatus)Introduction: Alphaherpesviruses have been associated with fatal systemic infections in several cetartiodactyla species. The main goal in this paper is to identify microorganisms in wild bottlenose dolphin samples were taken from animals in Campeche, Mexico.Methods: Eight free-living bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Terminos Lagoon, Mexico, were captured, sampled and released. The animals were sampled for their blood, blow hole secretion, vaginal or prepuce discharge and skin. From the exudates, the cytology was examined, and cell inoculation was performed using bovine kidney cells (MDBK), African green monkey kidney cells (VERO), canine kidney cells (MDCK) and porcine kidney cells (PK15). Results:After observing the cytopathic effects, the isolates were replicated in the same cell line at least three times. Three isolates were obtained that had a cytolytic effect at 48 -72 hr. A previously described nested PCR targeting highly conserved regions of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase was performed, as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence on the infected MDBK cells. Discussion and conclusions:The animals from which the isolates were obtained were clinically healthy at the time of their capture, and it is likely that these animals act as carriers or reservoirs of the virus.

Neutrophils are the most important circulating phagocytes. Circulating monocytes and precursors of tissue macrophages also have the ability to phagocytize. Pidotimod (ADIMOD™) exerts immunostimulatory and immunoregulatory effects through the stimulation and regulation of cellular immune responses by lymphocytes Canine herpesvirus (CHV) mainly affect puppies between the first and second weeks of age, causing high morbidity in the litter. To date, there is only one commercial vaccine in Europe to prevent disease. In this work, inactivated CHV cultures were inoculated in rabbits, adsorbed and not adsorbed to chitosan nanoparticles. Phagocytosis in the presence or absence of specific antibodies was measured. Response of virus neutralizing antibodies was also evaluated. Adimod™ enhanced the nonspecific and specific phagocytotic response. The association of the virus to the nanoparticles increased the phagocytic ability of blood cells; however, Adimod™ alone had a greater effect on phagocytic activity and generated a stronger immune response that corresponded to the increased phagocytosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, the level of neutralizing antibodies was higher and increased more rapidly when Adimod™ was used.