Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on Fenton or Fenton-like reactions is an emerging cancer treatment that can both effectively fight cancer and reduce side effects on normal cells and tissues, and it has made important progress in cancer treatment. The catalytic efficiency of Fenton nanocatalysts(F-NCs) directly determines the anticancer effect of CDT. To learn more about this new type of therapy, this review summarizes the recent development of F-NCs that are responsive to tumor microenvironment (TME), and detailedly introduces their material design and action mechanism. Based on the deficiencies of them, some effective strategies to significantly improve the anticancer efficacy of F-NCs are highlighted, which mainly includes increasing the temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration, reducing the pH, glutathione (GSH) content, and the dependence of F-NCs on acidic environment in the TME. It also discusses the differences between the effect of multi-mode therapy with external energy (light and ultrasound) and the single-mode therapy of CDT. Finally, the challenges encountered in the treatment process, the future development direction of F-NCs, and some suggestions are analyzed to promote CDT to enter the clinical stage in the near future. Graphical Abstract

The development of novel electrode materials for rapid and sensitive detection of neurotransmitters in the human body is of great significance for early disease diagnosis and personalized therapy. Herein, gold nanorod@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (AuNR@ZIF-8) core–shell nanostructures were prepared by controlled encapsulation of gold nanorods within a ZIF-8 assembly. The designed AuNR@ZIF-8 nanostructures have uniform morphology, good dispersion, a large specific surface area, and an average size of roughly 175 nm. Compared with individual ZIF-8 and AuNR-modified electrodes, the obtained core–shell-structured AuNR@ZIF-8 nanocomposite structure-modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic performance in the determination of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (ST). The designed AuNR@ZIF-8 exhibited a wide linear range of 0.1–50 μM and low detection limit (LOD, 0.03 μM, S/N = 3) for the determination of DA, as well as a linear range of 0.1–25 μM and low LOD (0.007 μM, S/N = 3) for monitoring ST. The improved performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the high conductivity of AuNRs and multiple catalytic sites of ZIF-8. The good electroanalytical ability of AuNR@ZIF-8 for detection of DA and ST can provide a guide to efficiently and rapidly monitor other neurotransmitters and construct novel electrochemical sensors.

nanoparticles, especially to meet the application requirements in the near-IR (NIR) regions, in recent decades, researchers have prepared gold nanoparticles with different morphologies, including rods, cones, flowers, and sea urchins. Among them, gold nanorods (AuNRs) have aroused great interest in researchers. [6,7] Owing to the anisotropic shape of gold nanorods, they display two separate surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands corresponding to their width and length, known as the transverse surface plasmon resonance (TSPR) and longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The TSPR is located at just above 500 nm, whereas the LSPR location varies widely according to the nanorod aspect ratio and overall size. Through careful synthesis, it is possible to create single-crystalline gold nanorods with an LSPR anywhere from the visible (600 nm) into the NIR (1100+ nm) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. [8][9][10] The strong absorption capacity of AuNRs in the NIR region enables their use in important applications in the field of tumor treatment. In addition, NIR light can penetrate tissue deeply; however, normal tissues have very low absorption of NIR light, which will not cause damage to the surrounding healthy tissues.Chirality is an interesting phenomenon in nature that not only occurs in small atoms and molecules but also large animals and plants; for example, the spiral structure of DNA, the vine of morning glory, and the shell of snails all exhibit chirality. [11] Generally, chirality refers to the symmetry properties of an object. In a chiral molecule, the molecule itself and its mirror image cannot overlap with each other in 3D and are referred to as a pair of mirror-symmetry enantiomers. [12,13] Two enantiomers can interact differently with right and left circularly polarized light (RCPL and LCPL, respectively). The different absorption of RCPL and LCPL is called circular dichroism (CD), which is a characterization method for chirality. [14] Before 1998, most of the chiral materials synthesized and studied were based on organic molecules, including chiralorganic-molecule-based systems displaying microscale-length chirality. [15] At present, chirality at the molecular level (e.g., protein, sugar, and synthetic molecules) is well understood, but it has yet to be elucidated at the nanoscale. [16,17] Therefore, the introduction of chirality into nanomaterials through different methods will bring new opportunities not only in the field of optics but also in biology. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, many different nanomaterials with chiral Chirality plays mysterious and essential roles in maintaining key biological and physiological processes. The chirality of inorganic nanoparticles has emerged as a popular research field during the last decade. Various chiral inorganic nanoparticles have been reported, such as magnetic, semiconductor, and noble metal nanoparticles, highlighting their importance in both basic research and potential practical applications. Among them, chiral gold nanopa...

Carbon dots (CDs)-based nanozymes applied have great potential in antibacterial applications. In order to achieve a broad-spectrum and enhanced antibacterial capacity, we synthesized the Co-dopped and drug-based CDs (Co-Lvx-CDs) using...