Objective. To explore and analyze the rehabilitation effect of neurology nursing on stroke patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and its influence on quality of life and negative emotion score. Methods. In this experiment, 110 stroke patients with DM diagnosed and treated in our hospital from 2018 to 2020 were randomly selected and assigned to the study group (SG) and the control group (CG) according to different nursing methods, with 55 cases in each group. In SG, they were given neurology nursing. In CG, they were given routine nursing. The rehabilitation efficacy, quality of life, and negative emotion scores were compared between the two groups. Results. Compared with the CG, the levels of fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose, and urinary microalbumin in SG were obviously better after treatment. In SG, the proportion of patients with basic recovery and significant improvement after treatment was higher, and the proportion of patients without treatment effect was significantly lower. Overall, the nursing effect of the SG after treatment was better than that of the CG. There was no striking difference in the quality of life and Morisky scores between the two groups before nursing intervention ( P > 0.05 ), but the quality of life and Morisky scores of patients in SG were obviously higher than those in CG after nursing intervention. After nursing intervention, SAS and SDS scores of patients in SG were obviously lower than those of patients in CG, and patients in SG were less affected by negative emotions. Questionnaires were used to investigate the satisfaction of patients in both groups, and the results showed that the satisfaction of patients in SG was higher (all P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Neurology nursing has better clinical efficacy for stroke patients with DM and has obvious rehabilitation effect. The quality of life and negative emotion score of patients are better, which is worthy of extensive clinical promotion and application.