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This article examines the potential individual characteristics and environmental protective factors that promote academic resilience among impoverished eighth-grade students in Turkey. Study results revealed that home high expectations, school caring relationships and high expectations, and peer caring relationships were the prominent external protective factors that predicted academic resilience. Considering the internal protective factors, the following were positively linked with the academic resilience of adolescents in poverty: havingpositive self-perceptions ahoutone's academic abilities, high educational aspirations, empathic understanding, an internal locus of control, and hope for the future.

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Abstract. This article presents general information about the history, relevant laws and legislation, present status and anticipated future development in Turkish Universities, as well as the student counselling services within these institutions, Special emphasis is placed upon the perceived understanding of counselling as commonly accepted by the society, students and counsellors. While discussing the present status of Turkish University Counselling Centers, the proposed models, research findings and problems of the centers are documented. As a more specific example, the Middle East Technical University Counselling Center is described with a discussion of some of the drawbacks and recommended changes for the advancement of the center. Finally, suggestions for a culturally relevant model in terms of the nature, components and organisational structure of the system are discussed. Higher education in Turkey: Historical considerationsDuring the Ottoman period higher education institutes called "Madrases", which were built around the mosques, usually offered degrees in religious studies. Several attempts were made between 1908 and 1963 to establish a university in a relatively modern sense. The last attempt was successful. The new university of Istanbul, called "Dar~ilffinunu Osmani" (Ottoman University) consisted of the faculties of law, science, medicine, and arts and humanities. However, the most important function of this university was to generate knowledge for its own sake (Unat, 1964).After the foundation of the Turkish Republic, the Ottoman University changed its name to "Istanbul Darfilffinunu" (Istanbul University). It consisted of the faculties of medicine, law, arts and humanities, and theology. Meanwhile several important revolutions had occurred in Turkey in all areas including education. However, the university did not contribute efficiently to the changes and, at times it had either a passive or a negative attitude toward the revolutions or displayed an open opposition toward them. Further, no research activities were carried out which are usually considered as one of the important functions of the universities. In short, Darfilftinun was too conservative and lagged behind the changing society. For that reason the government prepared a university act and, with the directives of M. Kemal Atatark, a university act went into effect in 1933. The old Dar•lffinun was named Istanbul University. This was the first time the universally known term "university"

Penetrating injuries of the abdomen which occur primarily from gunshots and stabbing become increasingly prevalent in children. Our purpose is to assess the presentation, management and outcome of children with penetrating abdominal firearm injuries (PAFI) and to evaluate the value of Injury Severity Score (ISS) for predicting injury severity and eventual morbidity and mortality in children with PAFI. Between 1985 and 1997, 69 children < or = 15 years of age with PAFI were hospitalized at our institution. Their hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 69 children with PAFI, 53 were boys and 16 were girls. The mean age was 9.6. The causes of PAFI were explosives (44%), gunshot (39%) and shotgun injuries (17%). The most common organ injured was the small bowel followed by colon and liver respectively. Postoperative complications were seen in 12 children. The mean value of ISS was 16.8; 41 children had an ISS value of > or = 16. The value of ISS was significantly higher in children with complication than in those without complication. The children with ISS value > or = 16 were hospitalized significantly longer than those with < or = 15 of ISS. Particularly shotgun injuries were commonly associated with severe morbidity. ISS can be useful for predicting the severity of injury and the occurrence of morbidity.