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Background: The placenta is a functional unit between the mother and the fetus. Placental coefficient is a method to correlate the weight of a baby and the placenta. Any pathological events that concern the mother and the fetus tend to influence the normal function of the placenta as revealed in different studies by many authors. Aim:The aim of the study was to examine and assess placental coefficient of the normal placenta and also in pathological conditions which included diabetes mellitus, anaemia and hypertension. Materials and Methods: The freshly delivered placentas for this study were obtained from department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Tribhuvan Hospital Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted on a total of 100 freshly obtained placenta, out of them, 15 were from diabetic mothers, 15 from anaemic mothers and 15 from hypertensive mothers. The placental coefficient was obtained by dividing placental weight in grams by birth weight in grams. Results: The mean weight of placenta was 546.9 ± of 81.38 gm. The mean neonatal weight was 3.00±0.4kg. The result shows statistically significant difference between weight of placenta (p=0.001) and placental coefficient (p=0.001) of anemic and non-anemic mothers. Similarly statistically significant difference was obtained between weight of placenta (P=0.003) and neonatal weight in diabetic (P=0.016) and non diabetic. Statistically significant difference was not observed in hypertensive and normotensive placenta. Conclusion: Findings of the study shows the assessment of placenta very much essential as normal pregnancies can also show significant placental changes. Systemic illness alters the placental morphology and adequate treatment of systemic illness may therefore be necessary to normal placental function.

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Backgrounds: Renal arteries are two large blood vessels branching laterally from the abdominal aorta just below the superior mesenteric artery. The arteries vary in their level of origin and caliber, obliquity and precise relations. Each renal artery is about 6-8mm diameter. There is a varying characteristic of these arteries owing to their different course. The aim of the study was to study the variation in the formation of renal artery with its branching pattern using CT Angiography.  Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Radiology at Chitwan Medical College after obtaining ethical approval CMC-IRC. CT Angiogram was studied in 17 individuals who attended radiology department for angiography for different suspected abdominal and renal pathology. Results: Analyzing the result of the angiography we found the usual branching pattern of renal artery in 70.58% of the individual, with variations in remaining 29.42%. On studying the number of arteries supplying kidney, artery draining directly to hilum i.e. accessory renal artery was 2.95%. We found the average length of right renal artery ranged between 3.5cm to 6.0cm.   Conclusions: The variations on this large lateral branch of abdominal aorta are common. Surgeons should exclude the possibility of presence of accessory and aberrant renal arteries obstruction prior to the surgical procedure. The awareness about the presence of such variations is important from the academic, surgical and radiological aspect.

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