The importance of emotional climate in the organizational climate literature has gained interest. However, few studies have concentrated on adequately measuring the emotional climate of organizations. In this study, a reliable and valid scale was developed to measure the most important aspects of emotional climate in different organizations. This study presents evidence of reliability and validity for 28 items constructed to measure emotional climate in an organization in four separate studies. The data were obtained from working people from four different organizations by self-administered questionnaires. The findings indicate that three factors--Trust, Hope, and Security--were factors of the 28-item scale. Validation data also included correlations with duration of employment. The other method of assessing criterion validity was by comparing mean scores in organizations with differing productivity; results indicated that the organization with more productive members had a significantly higher mean score on emotional climate and its subscales. The generalizability of the results to private businesses also was assessed.

This study describes the development of a moral imagination (MI) scale. The data were obtained from 491 participants from various organizations. A 29-item Likert-type scale of moral imagination was constructed and shown to be free of socially desirable responses. Analyses of moral imagination suggest that three facets of moral imagination can be distinguished empirically as well as theoretically, namely reproductive, creative, and productive. Construct validity was evaluated by expert judges and, overall, was high. Validation data also included correlation with peer ratings. Furthermore, to explore the relation between moral imagination and actual behavior, a case study was conducted in which participants were asked questions to measure their capacity for moral imagination. The subjects who scored high on MI were judged to have a greater capacity than were the subjects who scored low. Empirically, the MI scale was shown to correlate with an internal locus of control, tolerance of ambiguity and empathy. This scale also correlated negatively with Machiavellianism.

This study examined the relationship between negative emotions and variables that affect negotiators' profit. Based on a simulated negotiation, this study induced emotions by providing negative feedback on how negotiating partners perceived and evaluated each other's behavior. Then relationships were examined between negative emotions and emotional regulation strategies, misrepresentation of information, tolerance of ambiguity, and negotiators' profit. A total of 228 undergraduate students enrolled in an economics course in the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Management at a university in Ankara participated. There were 130 students in the experimental group and 98 students in the control group; 102 were men and 126 were women, ages 17 to 35 years (M =22.6 yr., SD = 2.3). A simulated negotiation process was used. Regression coefficients suggested positive relation between Emotional Reaction and the use of a Suppression strategy and Misrepresentation of Information. Negative coefficients were obtained from scores between Emotional Reaction and Cognitive Reappraisal and Tolerance of Ambiguity. The regression also suggested there were negative regression coefficients linking Misrepresentation of Information and Suppression strategies to Negotiators' Profit. Positive regression coefficients linked Tolerance of Ambiguity to Negotiators' Profit. Mediating variables explained 55% of variance in Negotiators' Profit; the majority (43%) was explained by Cognitive Reappraisal.

The present study was aimed at describing the development of a moral entrepreneur scale. A 34 item Likert-type scale of the moral entrepreneur was constructed and shown to be free of socially desirable responses. Construct validity was evaluated by expert judges and, overall, was found to be high. The other validity source was that groups of individuals known to be particularly high in the moral entrepreneurial personality scored higher on the moral-entrepreneur scale than did an unselected sample. The final source of validity on the moral-entrepreneur scale involved peer evaluations. Empirically, the moral-entrepreneur scale was shown to correlate positively with emotional intelligence and locus of control. The scale also correlated negatively with Machiavellianism. Factor analysis of responses for the 3 samples revealed a 4-factor solution: creating awareness, resistance, anticipating, and mobilizing power.

In this study the relationship between ethical beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity was examined. Two dimensions of ethical belief were examined: ethical relativism and idealism. Findings reported here are based on a questionnaire survey of 145 exporting and importing managers of Turkey. The results show a positive correlation between ethical relativism and tolerance of ambiguity, and a negative correlation between idealism and tolerance of ambiguity.