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The objective of this study is to investigate unpacked and packed fluid milk consumption patterns and preferences among Turkish households by using cross-sectional survey data from 18,278 households. Based on the data, 47.8% of the households consume unpacked milk, 29.3% consume sterilized milk, and 7.9% consume pasteurized fluid milk at least once a month. Results of the multinomial logit model for fluid milk consumption behavior suggest that unpacked fluid milk preference is related positively to household size, income and age of the household head, and negatively to education level of the household head and status of the household wife. Similarly, pasteurized and sterilized fluid milk preferences are related positively to income and the education level of the household head, and negatively to household size and age of the household head. Results from these analyses are used to suggest techniques for marketing fluid milk products to specific segments of the consumer population. Copyright 2008 International Association of Agricultural Economists.

BACKGROUND In this study, an infrared‐based prediction method was developed for easy, fast and non‐destructive detection of pesticide residue levels measured by reference analysis in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch, cv. Albion) samples using near‐infrared spectroscopy and demonstrating its potential alternative or complementary use instead of traditional pesticide determination methods. Strawberries of Albion variety, which were supplied directly from greenhouses, were used as the study material. A total of 60 batch sample groups, each consisting of eight strawberries, was formed, and each group was treated with a commercial pesticide at different concentrations (26.7% boscalid + 6.7% pyraclostrobin) and varying residual levels were obtained in strawberry batches. The strawberry samples with pesticide residuals were used both to collect near‐infrared spectra and to determine reference pesticide levels, applying QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, rugged, safe) extraction, followed by liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed for boscalid and pyraclostrobin active substances. During model development, the samples were randomly divided into two groups as calibration (n = 48) and validation (n = 12) sets. A calibration model was developed for each active substance, and then the models were validated using cross‐validation and external sets. Performance evaluation of the PLSR models was evaluated based on the residual predictive deviation (RPD) of each model. An RPD of 2.28 was obtained for boscalid, while it was 2.31 for pyraclostrobin. These results indicate that the developed models have reasonable predictive power. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

The seed coat colour variation of 70 common vetch genotypes were determined by using uniform colour scale(L⁎a⁎b⁎)and their possible correlation with seed yield parameters including the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, pod dimension, and seed yield (kg/da) was determined. The results revealed presence of highly significant (p<0.01) variations for both the seed yield and the seed coat colour parameters measured. The number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and seed yield ranged from 5.8 to 16.03, from 5.2 to 7.66, and from 143.37 to 531.1, respectively. The lightness value varied from 19.00 to 40.28 while chromaticitya⁎andb⁎values ranged from −0.16 to 8.99 and from 0.79 to 22.11, respectively. The highest correlation coefficients were determined betweenb⁎andL⁎(r=0.73), anda⁎andL⁎(r=0.55). The seed coat colour traits and seed yield parameters generally showed weak negative correlations. Seed yellowness (b⁎) and seed yield had correlation coefficient of −0.25, while correlation betweenL⁎and seed yield was determined as −0.23. The results indicated that lightness and yellowness of seed coat may be used as an important parameter to prescreen high yield genotypes of common vetch.

This article identifies consumer characteristics associated with preferences toward fluid milk alternatives. Using consumer survey data from Samsun province of Turkey and Multinomial Logit model, unpacked and packed fluid milk preferences were analyzed. Based on the results, 14.1% of respondents consumed only unpacked fluid milk, 58.2% consumed only packed fluid milk and 27.7% of respondents consumed both unpacked and packed fluid milk at least once a weak. Multinomial Logit model results indicated that better educated household head, higher income households, younger and female household head and people who agree with "unpacked milk is not healthy" consume more packed fluid milk than do others. Moreover, consumers who agree with statement "price of packed milk is expensive compare to unpacked milk" were less likely to consume packed fluid milk than do others.Key words: milk consumption, packed and unpacked fluid milk, household characteristics, consumer behavior, preferences Abstrakt: Článek identifikuje charakteristiky spotřebitelů spojené s preferencemi alternativní spotřeby konzumního mléka. S využitím výzkumu spotřebitelských dat v turecké provincii Samsun a Mutninomiálního Logit modelu byly analyzovány preference spotřebitelů týkající se spotřeby baleného a nebaleného konzumního mléka. na základě výsledků výzkumu lze konstatovat, že 14,1 % respondentů spotřebovává pouze nebalené konzumní mléko, 58,2 % konzumuje pouze balené konzumní mléko a 27,7 % respondentů spotřebovává jak nebalené, tak nejméně jednou týdně i balené konzumní mléko. Výsledky Multinomiálního Logit modelu naznačují, že domácnosti s vyšší úrovní vzdělání hlavy domácnosti, domácnosti s vyšším příjmem, mladší domácnosti a domácnosti žen a lidé souhlasící s názorem, že nebalené konzumní mléko je nezdravé, konzumují vyšší podíl baleného mléka než ostatní. U spotřebitelů, kteří souhlasí s názorem, že "balené mléko je drahé v porovnání s nebaleným", se projevuje nižší pravděpodobnost konzumace baleného konzumního mléka než u ostatních.Klíčová slova: spotřeba mléka, balené a nebalené konzumní mléko, charakteristika domácností, chování spotřebitelů, spotřebitelské preference