The article is devoted to cosmopolitanism as a concept and a social phenomenon. The authors believe that cosmopolitan ideas and mentality are a necessary manifestation of modern globalization processes. Cosmopolitanism as a pattern of public consciousness reflects the essential features of modern social processes. At the same time, the very idea of cosmopolitanism is contradictory, multifaceted, and therefore it cannot be considered only within the framework of categorical opposition "local -global". That is why this research is carried out dialectically: from the point of view of the contradictory unity of the cosmopolitanism's objective manifestations and the diverse interpretations of this phenomenon. Considering a wide range of approaches in studies of the cosmopolitanism phenomenon prevailing in modern social theory, the authors emphasize the need for its comprehensive philosophical interpretation. In addition, referring to the historical overview of cosmopolitan ideas, the authors come to the conclusion that further studies of cosmopolitanism should be based on an interdisciplinary approach. Particular attention in this article is paid to a couple of "cosmopolitanism" and "patriotism" categories. The main conclusion of the article is that it is cultural cosmopolitanism as a concept and social phenomenon that can clarify the essential contradictions in modern social processes.
Статья посвящена анализу соотношения исторического дискурса и национальных нарративов, неразрывная связь между которыми имеет, тем не менее, противоречивый характер. Национальные нарративы часто служили источником обострения межнациональных и даже внутринациональных конфликтов, конструируя мифологические или искаженные интерпретации прошлого. Отсюда актуальность исследования основополагающих структур и механизмов формирования этих нарративов. Еще одна важная задача -показать взаимосвязь между историческими исследованиями и национальным повествованием и их противоречивость. Результаты проведенного нами анализа показывают, что, с одной стороны, национальные нарративы являются закономерной реакцией на процессы вестернизации, «макдональдизации» и т. п., с другой -могут использоваться национальными элитами либо иными заинтересованными социальными группами в своих собственных целях, в связи с чем несомненный интерес представляет исследование механизмов их конструирования. Нарративы, в том числе и национальные, выступают своеобразным медиатором, связующим звеном между прошлым и будущим, а также генетической составляющей любого национального сознания, осуществляя ретроспективное отражение прошлого.Ключевые слова: дискурс, «нарративистский поворот», историография, национальное, нарратив, национальный нарратив, исторический нарратив, механизм, репрезентация Начиная с «нарративистского поворота», произошедшего в социально-исторических и гуманитарных науках в конце XX в., сам феномен нарратива становится предметом активного обсуждения и острых дискуссий. Хотя термин получил широкое распространение, вопрос о его толковании до сих пор является дискуссионным. Так, Й. Брокмейер и Р. Харре, например, в ряду причин, затрудняющих четкое ограничение смысла понятия «нарратив», что позволило бы отличить его от других исследовательских дискурсов, выделяют разнообразие форм и стилей нарратива, присутствие его элементов или структуры в различных типах дискурса, таких как научный, правовой, исторический, религиозный и политический тексты [1, с. 32].Закономерно, что в ходе этих обсуждений сформировались различные исследовательские парадигмы, в рамках которых нарратив наделяется самыми разными познавательными, эмоциональными, аксиологическими и практическими атрибутами. Так, нарратив репрезентируется как когнитивная схема, принцип организации реальности, отражение и создание субъектности и идентичности, софии Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет ул. Кремлёвская, д.18, г. Казань,
In this article, the phenomenon of image and its formation were considered. Within the modern system of social knowledge, the concept of image has been widely used in psychology, politics, business, and PR. Social theorists are unanimous in their view that an interdisciplinary approach to studying this phenomenon is needed, because it is complex, multifaceted, and ambivalent. In order to analyze the complexity of image, we used the following methods: interdisciplinary, sociocultural, psycho-semiotic methods, as well as the content analysis of media products. The works of modern Russian and foreign theorists were discussed. Based on the results of the study, several important conclusions were drawn. Image develops under the influence of specific socio-cultural conditions, but, simultaneously, the image of a subject can induce their self-development. Therefore, the process of image formation is inextricably linked with the self-identification of a person, it acts as a mechanism for development of their identity. Like identity, image is a dialectical unity of the permanent and constantly changing, integral and fragmentary. Its formation is influenced by the system of values and social ideals that prevail in a specific historical period. Image is a social construct depending not only on objective factors, but also on subjective components that form broad semiotic and social meanings. In this sense, any image is a text.
One's people history is one of the most important sources that reproduce resources for the formation of ethnic subjectness. An appeal to history is accompanied by the formation of a certain image, both of a given ethnic community and of its historical development. Reconstruction of the experience of the previous development of an ethnos is accompanied by the construction of a special discourse in which the ethnic characteristics of this community, the system of its values, all the events of its historical past, often begin to be determined by subjective modality. The latter in its turn is determined by a variety of functions needed within the given discourse to construct this image. The image of history of people existing in the national consciousness, representing a unity of the objective and subjective, can also be viewed as a unity of continuity and, at the same time, development of the self-consciousness of the ethnos, since the past and history are the most important conditions for construction of the present and the future of the nation. The image of the history of a given nation existing in the national consciousness, representing a unity of the objective and subjective, can also be viewed as the unity of continuity and at the same time as the development of the self-consciousness of the ethnos, since the past and history are the most important conditions for the construction of the present and the future of the nation. Reproducing the national memory in the image of history, the ethnic community preserves the core of its culture, its spiritual wealth and at the same time creates internal sources of dynamics for its further development. At the same time, the image of history performs various functions in the structure of the national consciousness.
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