Background. Colistin is an antibiotic in the polymyxin group and is especially important in the elimination of multi-drug resistant gram negative bacteria. To date, there are many studies investigating colistin related side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. However, there are few studies involving premature neonates, and this study aimed to investigate the side effects of colistin in this particular patient group. Methods. Between January 2016 and May 2019, the medical records of premature neonates treated with colistin were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) was performed according to the modified neonatal KDIGO criteria. Serum electrolyte levels were recorded at the initiation of colistin treatment and 4-7 days after. Results. A total of 47 premature neonates; with a median gestational age of 27 weeks and median weight of 970 g at birth were included in the study. The median postnatal day of colistin initiation was 24 days and mean duration of colistin therapy was 15.95 ± 3.70 days. Colistin was combined with aminoglycosides in 44.6% of the patients. Acute kidney injury was documented in 17.0% of premature neonates. (n = 6 for stage 1, n = 2 for stage 2, none of the patients had stage 3). In univariate analysis, gestational age and concomitant aminoglycoside use were associated with AKI development (OR, 0.446; 95% CI 0.238-0.832; p = 0.011 and OR, 1.324; 95% CI 1.023-7.584; p = 0.024). Mean magnesium level significantly decreased after colistin treatment (1.70 ± 0.84 vs. 1.57 ± 0.29, p = 0.017) and the frequency of hypomagnesemia increased after colistin use (78.7% vs. 91.5%, p = 0.031). Frequency of elevated AST increased from 23.4% to 44.7% following colistin use (p = 0.031). Conclusions. Colistin-related side effects observed in premature neonates are not as common as in pediatric patients. Electrolyte imbalance is observed more frequently in this age group following colistin use. We suggest strict serum electrolyte level monitoring, especially magnesium, in premature neonates that are receiving colistin.

This multi-center point prevalence study evaluated children who were diagnosed as having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On February 2nd, 2022, inpatients and outpatients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were included in the study from 12 cities and 24 centers in Turkey. Of 8605 patients on February 2nd, 2022, in participating centers, 706 (8.2%) had COVID-19. The median age of the 706 patients was 92.50 months, 53.4% were female, and 76.7% were inpatients. The three most common symptoms of the patients with COVID-19 were fever (56.6%), cough (41.3%), and fatigue (27.5%). The three most common underlying chronic diseases (UCDs) were asthma (3.4%), neurologic disorders (3.3%), and obesity (2.6%). The SARS-CoV-2-related pneumoniae rate was 10.7%. The COVID-19 vaccination rate was 12.5% in all patients. Among patients aged over 12 years with access to the vaccine given by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, the vaccination rate was 38.7%. Patients with UCDs presented with dyspnea and pneumoniae more frequently than those without UCDs ( p < 0.001 for both). The rates of fever, diarrhea, and pneumoniae were higher in patients without COVID-19 vaccinations ( p = 0.001, p = 0.012, and p = 0.027). Conclusion : To lessen the effects of the disease, all eligible children should receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The illness may specifically endanger children with UCDs. What is Known: • Children with COVID-19 mainly present with fever and cough, as in adults. • COVID-19 may specifically threaten children with underlying chronic diseases. What is New: • Children with obesity have a higher vaccination rate against COVID-19 than children without obesity. • Among unvaccinated children, fever and pneumoniae might be seen at a higher ratio than among vaccinated children.

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children. Rotaviruses are responsible for approximately 40% of all diarrheal hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Rotavirus, which is known as democratic virus, occurs with similar frequency in both developed and developing countries regardless of the hygiene conditions. Almost all children up to 5 years of age are infected with rotavirus at least once. But the majority of death cases towing to rotaviruses occur in children from resource-poor countries. Many investigators have reported that previous rotavirus infections protect against severe disease associated with reinfection. For this reason, vaccination in the early period of infancy is the most important method for protection against severe rotavirus infections and death. World Health Organization recommends rotavirus vaccination. After the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, significant reduction has been seen in morbidity and mortality because of rotaviruses. Rotavirus vaccine administration is particularly important in developing countries where majority of death cases are observed.

▶Fig. 2 Hydatid cyst reflects the characteristic laminated wall structure (a,b). It is shown the infiltration of the hydatid cyst wall with fungal hyphae (arrows point to fungal hyphae) (c,d).

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